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Human Form and Function > The Lower Limb > Flashcards

The Lower Limb Flashcards

1
Q

What positions do humans walk in?

A

Bipedial position

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2
Q

Where does weight transmission occur?

A

The sacrum

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3
Q

What does the femur articulate with?

A

Tibia and patella (sesamoid bone)

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4
Q

Where is the sesamoid?

A

Sits central in tendon

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5
Q

Where is weight transmitted through?

A

The tibia

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6
Q

What do the tarsal and metatarsal bones form?

A

Stable, yet flexible unit

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7
Q

What is the gluteal region commonly known as?

A

The buttocks

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8
Q

What is the classification of the lower limb?

A 
Gluteal region (bum)
Thigh
Knee (l. genu= bend)
Leg (l. curs)
Foot
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9
Q

Which part is classified as the leg?

A

From the knee joint to the ankle joint

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10
Q

What is the superior boundary of the gluteal region?

A

Iliac crest
Greater trochanter
Anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS)

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11
Q

What is the inferior boundary of the gluteal region?

A

Gluteal fold

Intergluteal fold separates the two

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12
Q

What is the difference between red and yellow marrow?

A

Red marrow- contains red blood cells

Yellow marrow- contains fat cells

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13
Q

What is the skeleton of the hip comprised of?

A

Bones form protective bony walls of pelvic cavity and part of birth canal

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14
Q

Which part of the vertebrae are involved in the skeleton of the hip?

A

Sacrum (5 fused vertebrae) and coccyx (3-5 fused vertebrae) (axial)

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15
Q

Which bones form the hip (3)?

A

Ilium (N.B. acetabulum=socket, ASIS palpable)
Ischium
Pubis (N.B. pubis symphysis) cartilage, for movement i.e. women in childbirth

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16
Q

What type of cartilage joins the hip together?

A

Hyaline

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17
Q

Why is hyaline cartilage used in formation of skeleton of hip?

A

Stable platform

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18
Q

What age roughly does the skeleton of the complete maturity?

A

Approx. 35 years

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19
Q

What differences can be determined by the skeleton of the hip/pelvis?

A

Age
Sex
Race
Height (from long bones)

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20
Q

What are the differences in females hips compared to males?

A 
Bones are thiner
Muscular marking not as prominent
Less funnel shaped (for childbirth)
Distances between ischial spines and ischial tuberosities greater
Wider, greater sciatic notch
Sub-pubic angel approx 90 degree+
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21
Q

Where is the thigh/femoral region?

A

Lies between gluteal, abdominal and perineal regions

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22
Q

What are the boundaries between the thigh/femoral region?

A

Between abdomen and thigh is the inguinal ligament anteriorly and the hip bone medially

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23
Q

What is the anterior thigh?

A

Quadriceps

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24
Q

What are the quadriceps made up of?

A

Vastus laterlis
V. intermedius
V. medialis
Rectus femoris

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25
What are the vastus muscles in the quadricep involved with?
Knee extension
26
What is the rectus femoris in the quadricep involved with?
Knee extensions and bends up the hip
27
What are the posterior thigh muscles?
Hamstrings
28
What is the bone in the thigh?
Single femur
29
Describe the femur
Single bone of thigh Longest and heaviest bone of the body Length is approx a quarter of an individuals height Angle of inclination approx 125 degrees
30
How much of your body weight can you put through the femur?
20%
31
Describe a femoral fracture
More commonly the neck of femur ("hip fracture") | Greater trochanter and femoral shaft result from direct trauma (younger age group)
32
Where do the thigh and leg articulate?
The knee
33
What does the knee comprise?
Femur, tibia and patella | fibula doesn't play any part
34
Where is the femur expanded in the knee?
The articular sondyles (N.B. epicondyles)
35
What is the knee separated by?
Intercondylar fossa
36
What is the largest most superficial joint?
The knee
37
What type of joint is the knee?
Hinge type of synovial joint
38
What does the knee joint allow?
Flexion and extension | Gliding and rolling about a vertical axis
39
What ligaments are around the knee?
Intra/extra capsular ligaments
40
Where is the least blood supply in the knee?
Anterior cruciate ligament, more pathology affects it
41
Name the ligaments in the knee (4)
Anterior Cruciate Ligament Posterior Cruciate Ligament Lateral Collateral Ligament Medial Collateral ligament
42
Name the meniscus' in the knee
Lateral meniscus | Medial meniscus
43
What is lateral collateral ligament used for (lcl)?
Prevent rubbing of bones
44
What is the purpose of the meniscus'?
Allow smooth movement of fibula and tibia
45
What is the medial meniscus joined to?
Medial collateral ligament
46
Why is there more flexibility in the lateral meniscus?
not joined to LCL, so more flexibility
47
Where does the unhappy triad occur?
ACL (anterior crruciate ligament), LCL (lateral collateral ligament), LM (lateral meniscus)
48
What is an unhappy triad?
Knee injury where 3 things go wrong at the same time
49
What is the leg skeleton formed from?
The tibia and fibula
50
Does the fibula have weight bearing functions?
No
51
Which bone can be removed for bone grafting?
Portions of the fibula
52
What are the fascial compartments of the leg?
1. Anterior 2. Lateral 3. Posterior- Superficial Deep
53
What are the anterior facial compartments of the leg?
Dorsiflexion, inversion/eversion
54
What are the lateral facial compartments of the leg?
Foot evertors and plantar flexion
55
What are the posterior facial compartments of the leg?
Superficial- plantar flexion | Deep- flexion of toes
56
What are 2 clinical applications at the leg?
1. Tendon jerk reflex | 2. Intraosseos infusion
57
What kind of joint is present at the ankle/ talocrucal region?
Synovial joint (hinge)
58
Why is a synovial joint present in the ankle?
Singel axis Plane of movement allows dorsiflexion and plantar flexion Talus is held firmly by the malleoli (sing. malleolus)
59
What location is the foot?
Distal to ankle
60
What is the functions of the foot?
Provides a platform for supporting the weight of the body | Important role in locomotion
61
How many tarsal bones are there?
7
62
How many metatarsal bones are there?
5
63
How many phalanges are there?
14
64
What are the regions of the foot?
Plantar region Dorsal region Heel region Ball of foot

Human Form and Function (10 decks)

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