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Human Form and Function > The Lower Limb > Flashcards

The Lower Limb Flashcards

1
Q

What positions do humans walk in?

A

Bipedial position

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2
Q

Where does weight transmission occur?

A

The sacrum

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3
Q

What does the femur articulate with?

A

Tibia and patella (sesamoid bone)

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4
Q

Where is the sesamoid?

A

Sits central in tendon

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5
Q

Where is weight transmitted through?

A

The tibia

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6
Q

What do the tarsal and metatarsal bones form?

A

Stable, yet flexible unit

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7
Q

What is the gluteal region commonly known as?

A

The buttocks

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8
Q

What is the classification of the lower limb?

A 
Gluteal region (bum)
Thigh
Knee (l. genu= bend)
Leg (l. curs)
Foot
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9
Q

Which part is classified as the leg?

A

From the knee joint to the ankle joint

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10
Q

What is the superior boundary of the gluteal region?

A

Iliac crest
Greater trochanter
Anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS)

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11
Q

What is the inferior boundary of the gluteal region?

A

Gluteal fold

Intergluteal fold separates the two

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12
Q

What is the difference between red and yellow marrow?

A

Red marrow- contains red blood cells

Yellow marrow- contains fat cells

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13
Q

What is the skeleton of the hip comprised of?

A

Bones form protective bony walls of pelvic cavity and part of birth canal

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14
Q

Which part of the vertebrae are involved in the skeleton of the hip?

A

Sacrum (5 fused vertebrae) and coccyx (3-5 fused vertebrae) (axial)

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15
Q

Which bones form the hip (3)?

A

Ilium (N.B. acetabulum=socket, ASIS palpable)
Ischium
Pubis (N.B. pubis symphysis) cartilage, for movement i.e. women in childbirth

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16
Q

What type of cartilage joins the hip together?

A

Hyaline

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17
Q

Why is hyaline cartilage used in formation of skeleton of hip?

A

Stable platform

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18
Q

What age roughly does the skeleton of the complete maturity?

A

Approx. 35 years

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19
Q

What differences can be determined by the skeleton of the hip/pelvis?

A

Age
Sex
Race
Height (from long bones)

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20
Q

What are the differences in females hips compared to males?

A 
Bones are thiner
Muscular marking not as prominent
Less funnel shaped (for childbirth)
Distances between ischial spines and ischial tuberosities greater
Wider, greater sciatic notch
Sub-pubic angel approx 90 degree+
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21
Q

Where is the thigh/femoral region?

A

Lies between gluteal, abdominal and perineal regions

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22
Q

What are the boundaries between the thigh/femoral region?

A

Between abdomen and thigh is the inguinal ligament anteriorly and the hip bone medially

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23
Q

What is the anterior thigh?

A

Quadriceps

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24
Q

What are the quadriceps made up of?

A

Vastus laterlis
V. intermedius
V. medialis
Rectus femoris

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25
Q

What are the vastus muscles in the quadricep involved with?

A

Knee extension

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26
Q

What is the rectus femoris in the quadricep involved with?

A

Knee extensions and bends up the hip

27
Q

What are the posterior thigh muscles?

A

Hamstrings

28
Q

What is the bone in the thigh?

A

Single femur

29
Q

Describe the femur

A

Single bone of thigh
Longest and heaviest bone of the body
Length is approx a quarter of an individuals height
Angle of inclination approx 125 degrees

30
Q

How much of your body weight can you put through the femur?

A

20%

31
Q

Describe a femoral fracture

A

More commonly the neck of femur (“hip fracture”)

Greater trochanter and femoral shaft result from direct trauma (younger age group)

32
Q

Where do the thigh and leg articulate?

A

The knee

33
Q

What does the knee comprise?

A

Femur, tibia and patella

fibula doesn’t play any part

34
Q

Where is the femur expanded in the knee?

A

The articular sondyles (N.B. epicondyles)

35
Q

What is the knee separated by?

A

Intercondylar fossa

36
Q

What is the largest most superficial joint?

A

The knee

37
Q

What type of joint is the knee?

A

Hinge type of synovial joint

38
Q

What does the knee joint allow?

A

Flexion and extension

Gliding and rolling about a vertical axis

39
Q

What ligaments are around the knee?

A

Intra/extra capsular ligaments

40
Q

Where is the least blood supply in the knee?

A

Anterior cruciate ligament, more pathology affects it

41
Q

Name the ligaments in the knee (4)

A

Anterior Cruciate Ligament
Posterior Cruciate Ligament
Lateral Collateral Ligament
Medial Collateral ligament

42
Q

Name the meniscus’ in the knee

A

Lateral meniscus

Medial meniscus

43
Q

What is lateral collateral ligament used for (lcl)?

A

Prevent rubbing of bones

44
Q

What is the purpose of the meniscus’?

A

Allow smooth movement of fibula and tibia

45
Q

What is the medial meniscus joined to?

A

Medial collateral ligament

46
Q

Why is there more flexibility in the lateral meniscus?

A

not joined to LCL, so more flexibility

47
Q

Where does the unhappy triad occur?

A

ACL (anterior crruciate ligament), LCL (lateral collateral ligament), LM (lateral meniscus)

48
Q

What is an unhappy triad?

A

Knee injury where 3 things go wrong at the same time

49
Q

What is the leg skeleton formed from?

A

The tibia and fibula

50
Q

Does the fibula have weight bearing functions?

A

No

51
Q

Which bone can be removed for bone grafting?

A

Portions of the fibula

52
Q

What are the fascial compartments of the leg?

A
  1. Anterior
  2. Lateral
  3. Posterior- Superficial
    Deep
53
Q

What are the anterior facial compartments of the leg?

A

Dorsiflexion, inversion/eversion

54
Q

What are the lateral facial compartments of the leg?

A

Foot evertors and plantar flexion

55
Q

What are the posterior facial compartments of the leg?

A

Superficial- plantar flexion

Deep- flexion of toes

56
Q

What are 2 clinical applications at the leg?

A
  1. Tendon jerk reflex

2. Intraosseos infusion

57
Q

What kind of joint is present at the ankle/ talocrucal region?

A

Synovial joint (hinge)

58
Q

Why is a synovial joint present in the ankle?

A

Singel axis
Plane of movement allows dorsiflexion and plantar flexion
Talus is held firmly by the malleoli (sing. malleolus)

59
Q

What location is the foot?

A

Distal to ankle

60
Q

What is the functions of the foot?

A

Provides a platform for supporting the weight of the body

Important role in locomotion

61
Q

How many tarsal bones are there?

A

7

62
Q

How many metatarsal bones are there?

A

5

63
Q

How many phalanges are there?

A

14

64
Q

What are the regions of the foot?

A

Plantar region
Dorsal region
Heel region
Ball of foot

Human Form and Function (10 decks)

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