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Human Form and Function > Muscle Form and Function > Flashcards

Muscle Form and Function Flashcards

1
Q

What is the median plane?

A

Splits the body in half, right down the middle

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2
Q

What is the coronal plane?

A

Splits posterior and anterior

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3
Q

What is the saggital plane?

A

Divides body into left and right, parallel to the median

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4
Q

What is the transverse plane?

A

Horizontal

Superior and Inferior

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5
Q

What is the Oblique plane?

A

Diagonal plane

Combination of 2 other planes

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6
Q

What does superior mean?

A

Cranial, nearer to head

E.g. heart is superior to the stomach

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7
Q

What does superficial mean?

A

Nearer to the surface

E.g. The muscle of the arm is superficial to its bone (humerus)

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8
Q

What does intermediate mean?

A

Between a superficial and a deep structure, the biceps muscle is intermediate between the skin and the humerus

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9
Q

What does deep mean?

A

Farther from surface, the humerus is deep to the arm muscle

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10
Q

What does medial mean?

A

Nearer to median plane

E.g. the 5th digit (little finger) is on the medial side of the hand

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11
Q

What does lateral mean?

A

Farther from median plane

e.g. the 1st digit (thumb) is on the lateral side of the hand

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12
Q

What does flexion mean?

A

Bring muscles to the centre, curl up in a ball- reduces the angle between segments

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13
Q

What does extension mean?

A

This increases the angle between segments, straighten everything away from the body

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14
Q

What is abduction?

A

Movement of structure AWAY from midline (away from centre of body)

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15
Q

What is adduction?

A

Movement of structures towards the midline (or median plane) bringing the things towards centre of body

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16
Q

What is circumduction?

A

Conical movement of a limb, full range of movement of limbs

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17
Q

What is Opposition?

A

Brining the thumb to all the other fingers

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18
Q

What is Reposition?

A

Opening fingers

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19
Q

What mammal has opposition and reposition?

A

Only humans, e.g. typing, texting

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20
Q

What is muscle contractility?

A

An inherent property of all cells

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21
Q

What are examples of muscle contractility?

A

Myoepithelial cells in exocrine glands
Pericytes of blood vessels
Fibrillar (string like, holds everything together) proteins present in the cytoplasm linked by bonds

22
Q

What are the 3 types of muscle?

A
  1. Skeletal
  2. Visceral (smooth) muscle
  3. Cardiac muscle
23
Q

What is skeletal muscle?

A

Movement of the skeleton and organs

Referred to as voluntary muscle

24
Q

What do the arrangements of contractile proteins give rise to in skeletal muscle?

A

Cross-striations

  • Multi-nucleate= many nuclei
  • Cross striations
25
Q

What is visceral (smooth) muscle?

A

Blood vessels, GI tract,
urinary bladder, uterus (no control)
Under autonomic (rest and digest and fight or flight)and hormonal control

26
Q

What is the structure of smooth muscle?

A

No cross-striations

  • One nucleus
  • Randomly space
27
Q

What is cardiac muscle?

A

Long, cylindrical cells,
One or two nuclei centrally located
- Shorter fibres
- Connected end to end by complex junctions
(intercalated disks/discs)
Cardiac muscle cells have intrinsic contractibility
One or two nuclei, fibres are shorter for quick contraction

28
Q

What is sacrolemma?

A

Plasma membrane

29
Q

What is sacroplasm?

A

cytoplasm

30
Q

What is Sacroplasmic reticulum?

A

Endoplasmic reticulum

31
Q

What are sacrosomes?

A

Mitochondria (for energy, passed on from mother)

32
Q

What are the features of skeletal muscles?

A

• Variety of shapes and sizes (morphology)
• Elongated, multinucleate contractile cells (muscle fibres)
• Vary in diameter from 10-100µm (i.e. x10−6)
• Can extend throughout the whole length of a muscle i.e.
35cm

33
Q

What does connective muscle do?

A

Holds everything together- prevents muscle popping out during contraction

34
Q

What are the 3 layers of connective tissue?

A

Endomysium
Perimysium
Epimysium

35
Q

What are skeletal muscles fine movements?

A

E.g. eye muscles
Small fasciculi, greater proportion of perimysial
supporting tissue

36
Q

What are skeletal muscles larger movements?

A

Large fasciculi and a smaller proportion of perimysial supporting tissue

37
Q

What do collage and elastic fibres act as in skeletal muscle?

A

Support for the muscle

38
Q

How do muscles contract?

A

Skeletal muscle works by contracting

They pull, never push

39
Q

What happens when a muscle contracts?

A

One attachment is FIXED and the other is pulled Towards it

40
Q

What is isometric contraction?

A

Length of the muscle doesn’t change
No movement
Contraction necessary to prevent movement

41
Q

What is isotonic (concentric) contraction?

A

Muscles shortens and brings attachment sites closer together

42
Q

What is isotonic (eccentric) contraction?

A

Muscle elongates under tension
Force generated must be less than the load
Used for control and precision
Always opposing a concentric contraction

43
Q

What type of muscle contraction do almost all muscle injuries occur?

A

During eccentric contractions

I.e. the load cannot be controlled by the muscle

44
Q

Why do muscles rarely work alone?

A

For every contraction that creates movement (concentric) at least one other muscle on the other side of the joint is working to control the movement (eccentric)

45
Q

What does musculo-tendinous junction do?

A

Typically abrupt transition
Different tissue types interdigitate
Weak point

46
Q

What do enthesis do?

A

The tendon-bone, or ligament-bone transition
May be abrupt, but usually involves fibrocartilage
- dampens the effect of the force

47
Q

Why does enthesis bone thicken?

A

Nighbouring bone is thinner because it is exposed to less force
The thick “tough” bone may be pulled away from the think “weak” bone; this is called an AVULSION FRACTURE

48
Q

What are the most stable joints?

A

Hip and knee joints

49
Q

What joints are the least stable?

A

Ankles

50
Q

What position does the body tend to be?

A

Tendency for the body to fall forward

Human Form and Function (10 decks)

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