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Human Form and Function > The Female Reproductive Tract > Flashcards

The Female Reproductive Tract Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main components of the female reproductive tract?

A
  • Ovaries
  • Fallopian tube
  • Uterus
  • Vagina
  • External genitalia (accessory glands)
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2
Q

What are ovaries?

A

Endocrine glands

Flattened ovid, roughly 3cm long

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3
Q

What are the ovaries suspended in the upper pelvis by?

A

Broad ligament- peritoneum
Suspensor ligaments- to pelvic wall
Ovarian ligaments- lower to pole of ovary to the uterus

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4
Q

What is the ovary histology?

A
  • Simple cuboidal germinal epithelium
  • Tunica albuginea (connective tissue capsule- same name as capsule around testis)
  • Stromal connective tissue
  • Follicles in cortex= oocytes & supporting cells
  • Roughly 400 (oocytes) fully released in lifetime
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5
Q

What are within the stromal connective tissue?

A

Outer cortex- developing follicles sit in here

Inner medulla

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6
Q

Follicles= oocytes and supporting cells, what do they do?

A

Produce hormones

Ovum expelled each month

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7
Q

Why are there roughly 400 oocytes released in lifetime?

A

Birth roughly 2 million follicles- mitosis during foetal life, then paused in meiosis. When puberty a new surge of hormones begins oogenesis
Puberty roughly 400,000 follicles

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8
Q

What is atresia?

A

Degeneration of follicles that aren’t going to be released

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9
Q

What is oogenesis?

A

Formation of female gametes

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10
Q

Where does oogenesis this begin?

A

Fetus

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11
Q

What is the primary oocyte surrounded by?

A

Granulosa cells

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12
Q

What happens during puberty?

A

Enlarged= primary follicle (primary oocyte surrounded by supporting granulosa cells)

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13
Q

What is the mature/tertiary follicle (Graafian follicle)?

A

Enlarged follicle with fluid filled atrium (cavity)

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14
Q

What is a secondary oocyte?

A

Oocyte that completes 1st meiotic division

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15
Q

What happens during ovulation?

A

One will be released the rest will go through Atresia. More follicles recruited to go through oogenesis than will complete cycle so will degenerate.

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16
Q

What is ovulation?:

A

Release of a secondary oocyte from ovary into peritoneal cavity

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17
Q

What is the difference between oorgenesis and ovulation?

A

Oogenesis- development of oocyte

Ovulation- release of oocyte

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18
Q

How many eggs are ovulated?

A

Lots of follicles mature each cycle

Only one ovulated

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19
Q

What is fertilisation?

A

Sperm binds to & penetrates the oocyte plasma membrane

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20
Q

What happens to the follicles that aren’t ovulated?

A

Others degenerate- atresia

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21
Q

What is the corpus luteum (CL)?

A

Enlarge and secrete hormones- progesterone and estrogen for 10 days- give hormone long enough to travel through fallopian tube
Degenerates when no pregnancy- corpus albicans

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22
Q

What happens to CL during pregnancy?

A

CL enlarges and remains throught pregnancy

Continues to produce progesterone and estrogen, stop uterine wall from shedding (preventing miscarriage)

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23
Q

How does high insulin and T alters follicle development in Polycistic (PCOS)?

A 
High insulin & T alters follicle dev
Many follicles develop but not fully
No ovulation
Difficulty conceiving
Weight gain and hirsutism- increased testosterone
1 in 10 (or even 4)
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24
Q

What is the uterine (fallopian tubes)?

A

Space in between ovary and Fallopian tube, not released directly into fallopian tube
Paired, roughly 10cm long
Extends ovary- uterus
Opens into peritoneal cavity

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25
Q

How is the uterine (fallopian tube) expand?

A

Expands at ovary= infundibulum
Funnel shaped
Long, thin, processes (fimbriae)

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26
Q

What is the ampulla in the uterine?

A

Widest longest part

Site of fertilisation

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27
Q

What is the isthmus in the uterine?

A

Part nearest uterus

Narrow but thick walled

28
Q

What do fallopian tubes receive?

A

Receives oocytes

Pathway to uterus

29
Q

What is fallopian tubes lined by?

A

• Lined by mucosa- mucous membrane
o Simple columnar epithelium
o Cilia to help move egg

30
Q

What muscularis makes up the fallopian tube?

A

Inner circular and outer longitudinal smooth muscle

31
Q

How long does a fertilised egg travel through the fallopian tube?

A

Roughly 6-10 days

32
Q

What happens in an ectopic pregnancy?

A

Egg implants outside the uterus

33
Q

What is the shape and size of the uterus?

A

pear shaped, roughly 7.5cm long

34
Q

What is the fundus in the uterus?

A

Posterior to fallopian tubes

Large and rounded

35
Q

What is the body in the uterus?

A

Central portion

36
Q

What is the cervix?

A

Inferior, narrow, opens to vagina, cervix is part of the uterus
Projects forward- 90 degree angle with vagina
Retroverted- backwards tipping

37
Q

What is retroflexion?

A

Backward tipping of vagina

38
Q

What do ligaments and pelvix cloor muscles support?

A

Broad, round, cardinal & utersoacral ligaments

If muscles weakened uterus extend inferiorly into vagina= prolapsed uterus

39
Q

What 4 categories do ligaments and pelvix cloor muscles support uterine prolapse?

A

I- uterus in upper half of vagin

IV- uterus completely out other vagina

40
Q

What is perimetrium?

A

Peritoneum serous membrane covering uterus

41
Q

What is myometrium?

A

Smooth muscle layer, bulk of uterus

42
Q

What type of muscle and tissue is in the cervical?

A

Less muscle, more dense connective tissue so rigid and less contractile

43
Q

What is endometrium?

A

Muscous membrane- simple columnar epithelium & lamina propria

44
Q

What makes up the cervix?

A

Neck of uterus- inferior
Columnar (sup.) & squamous (inf) epithelial cells
Cervica mucous glands

45
Q

What do cervica mucosa glands do?

A

Mucus barrier to substance from the vagina

Near ovulation, consistency of mucus changes

46
Q

What can identify cervical cancer?

A

Abnormal changes in cell shape

47
Q

What happens during early cervical cancer?

A

Cells change, visible under a microscope

48
Q

What are treatments for cervical cancer?

A

Radiation, chemo and surgery

49
Q

How many women are affected with cervical cancer each year?

50
Q

What is cervical cancer usually caused by?

A

70% cervical cancer due to infection with human papillomavirus (HPV)
NEW VACCINTION

51
Q

In the vagina how long is the fibromuscular tube?

A

roughly 10cm

52
Q

What makes up the vagina wall?

A

Inner mucosa- stratified squamous epithelium
Muscularis
Adventitia
Gateway to uterus (pH acidic- protective)
Passageway for menstrual flow
Birth canal during Labor

53
Q

What does the endometrium contain?

A

Contains uterine glands and blood vessels (spiral artieries)
Functionalis & deeper stratum balld
Functional zone thicker, undergoes changes during menstrual cycle

54
Q

What is inner mucosa used for in the vagina?

A

Protective- luberications in intercourse
Folded in rugae
Hymen- mucous membrane covering vaginal orifice

55
Q

What muscularis is present in the vagina?

A

Inner longitudinal & outer circular; allows vagina enlarge in intercourse & childbirth

56
Q

What is the composition of the Adventitia in the vagina?

A

Outer loose CT, anchors vagina

57
Q

What is the Female External genitalia called?

58
Q

What is the vestibule of the vagina?

A 
Space
Urethral & vaginal openings
Mucous glands
Labia minora skin folds borders
Clitoris: erectile structure- corpora cavernosa
59
Q

What is the labia majora of the vagina?

A

Rounded folds of skin & fat
Medial surfaces sebaceous & sweat glands
Unite to form mons pubis ant
Elevated over pubis symphysis

60
Q

What is the male version of the labia majora?

61
Q

What is the male version of the labia minora?

A

Spongy urethra

62
Q

What is the male version of the vestibule?

A

Membranous urethra

63
Q

What is the male version of the bulb of vestibule?

A

Bulb of penis

64
Q

What is the male version of the clitoris?

A

Glans penis

65
Q

What is the male version of the Skene’s glands?

66
Q

What is the male version of the Bartholin’s glands?

A

Cowper’s glands

Human Form and Function (10 decks)

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