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Human Form and Function > Introduction to upper limb > Flashcards

Introduction to upper limb Flashcards

1
Q

functions of the skeletal system

A
  1. provides our basic shape
  2. provides support for the body
  3. allows the muscular system to produce movement (locomotion)
  4. protection of vital organs
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2
Q

functional parts of skeletal system

A

axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton

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3
Q

parts of axial skeleton

A

head, neck and trunk

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4
Q

parts of the appendicular skeleton

A

limbs, and pectoral and pelvic girdle

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5
Q

characteristics of upper limb

A

mobility and ability to grasp, strike and conduct fine motor skills (manipulation)
movements of many joints for fine and coarse movements

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6
Q

segments of upper limb

A

shoulder, arm, forearm and hand

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7
Q

shoulder

A

proximal segment
overlaps trunk and neck
pectoral girdle is an incomplete ring

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8
Q

what bones form the shoulder

A

the scapulae, clavicle and sternum

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9
Q

arm

A

free upper segment

longest segment

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10
Q

bones that form the arm

A

humerus

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11
Q

forearm

A

second longest segment

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12
Q

bones that form the forearm

A

radius (thumb side)

ulna (pinkie side)

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13
Q

parts of hand

A

wrist, palm, dorsum and fingers

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14
Q

bones that form the hand

A

many:
8 carpal bones
5 metacarpals
14 phalanges

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15
Q

upper limb features

A

weight bearing not an issue
emphasis on increased mobility
- pectoral girdle less fixed to axial skeleton than the pelvic girdle
- equivalent joint much less stable

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16
Q

flexion and extension points of upper limb

A

shoulder joint

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17
Q

flexion and extension point of lower limb

A

hip joint

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18
Q

flexion and extension of forearm

A

at elbow joint

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19
Q

flexion and extension of leg

A

knee joint

20
Q

flexion and extension of hand

A

wrist joint

21
Q

flexion and extension of digits (fingers)

A

at metacarpophalangeal and interphalangeal joints

22
Q

opposition and reposition of the thumb and pinkie

A

thumb: at carpometacarpal joint
pinkie: metacarpophalangeal joint

23
Q

pronation and supination or forearm

A

radioulnar joint

24
Q

abduction and adduction of 1st, 2nd, 4th, and 5th digits

A

at metacarpophalangeal joints

25
Q

lateral and medial abduction and adduction of 3rd digit

A

at metacarpophalangeal joint

26
Q

abduction and adduction of thumb

A

frontal plane

at metacarpophalangeal joint

27
Q

flexion and extension of thumb

A

sagittal plane

metacarpophalangeal and interphalangeal joints

28
Q

upper limb specialised modifications

A
  1. circumduction of shoulder
  2. pronation/supination of forearm
  3. opposition of thumb
  4. precise control of fine digital movements

permits gripping/grasping, lifting/carrying and swinging/punching

29
Q

what is the clavicle

A

movable, crane-like strut, ensuring the limbs are away from the trunk
transmits shock from upper limb to axial skeleton

30
Q

joints in the clavicle

A 
sternoclavicular joint (SC joint)
acromioclavicular joint (AC joint)
31
Q

first long bone to ossify

32
Q

by when is the clavicle completely fused

A

25-31 years old

33
Q

scapula

A 
shoulder blade
glenoid cavity laterally
head of humerus 4x bigger than bony socket 
fibrous capsule loose
more prone to dislocation
34
Q

shoulder joint / gelnohumeral joint

A 
shallow glenoid cavity
made deeper by glenoid labrum
loose joint capsule
bursae
easily dislocated
35
Q

movements of glenohumeral joint

A

adduction/abduction
flexion/extension
medial and lateral rotation
circumduction

36
Q

arm

A

extends from glenohumeral joint and elbow joint
bone: humerus
divided into anterior and posterior compartments

37
Q

anterior compartment of arm

A

also the flexor compartment
formed by biceps brachii, brachial, coracobrachialis
flexors mainly

38
Q

posterior compartment of arm

A

also the extensor compartment
formed by triceps brachii and anconeus
extension movement

39
Q

elbow joint

A

synovial hinge joint

dense capsule and ligaments for stability

40
Q

elbow joint movements

A

0º extension - 150º flexion

flexion: main muscle biceps brachii (and brachialis and brachioradialis)
extension: main muscle triceps brachii (forced extension damages olecranon)

41
Q

forearm

A

between elbow and wrist

42
Q

forearm movements

A

supination: supinator muscle
pronation: pronator teres and pronator quadratus

43
Q

extrinsic muscles of hand

A

flexors and extensors

44
Q

intrinsic muscles of hand

A

thenar, hypothenar, interosseous and lumbricals

45
Q

hand skin

A

thicker, hairless, and skin inhibits melanin production

46
Q

power and precision grip throughout years

A

1-2 yrs: first grip
2-3 yrs: four-finger grip
4 yrs: pincer grip

Human Form and Function (10 decks)

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