Introduction to upper limb

Question 1

functions of the skeletal system

Answer 1

1. provides our basic shape
2. provides support for the body
3. allows the muscular system to produce movement (locomotion)
4. protection of vital organs

Question 2

functional parts of skeletal system

Answer 2

axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton

Question 3

parts of axial skeleton

Answer 3

head, neck and trunk

Question 4

parts of the appendicular skeleton

Answer 4

limbs, and pectoral and pelvic girdle

Question 5

characteristics of upper limb

Answer 5

mobility and ability to grasp, strike and conduct fine motor skills (manipulation)
movements of many joints for fine and coarse movements

Question 6

segments of upper limb

Answer 6

shoulder, arm, forearm and hand

Question 7

shoulder

Answer 7

proximal segment
overlaps trunk and neck
pectoral girdle is an incomplete ring

Question 8

what bones form the shoulder

Answer 8

the scapulae, clavicle and sternum

Question 9

arm

Answer 9

free upper segment

longest segment

Question 10

bones that form the arm

Answer 10

humerus

Question 11

forearm

Answer 11

second longest segment

Question 12

bones that form the forearm

Answer 12

radius (thumb side)

ulna (pinkie side)

Question 13

parts of hand

Answer 13

wrist, palm, dorsum and fingers

Question 14

bones that form the hand

Answer 14

many:
8 carpal bones
5 metacarpals
14 phalanges

Question 15

upper limb features

Answer 15

weight bearing not an issue
emphasis on increased mobility
- pectoral girdle less fixed to axial skeleton than the pelvic girdle
- equivalent joint much less stable

Question 16

flexion and extension points of upper limb

Answer 16

shoulder joint

Question 17

flexion and extension point of lower limb

Answer 17

hip joint

Question 18

flexion and extension of forearm

Answer 18

at elbow joint

Question 19

flexion and extension of leg

Answer 19

knee joint

Question 20

flexion and extension of hand

Answer 20

wrist joint

Question 21

flexion and extension of digits (fingers)

Answer 21

at metacarpophalangeal and interphalangeal joints

Question 22

opposition and reposition of the thumb and pinkie

Answer 22

thumb: at carpometacarpal joint
pinkie: metacarpophalangeal joint

Question 23

pronation and supination or forearm

Answer 23

radioulnar joint

Question 24

abduction and adduction of 1st, 2nd, 4th, and 5th digits

Answer 24

at metacarpophalangeal joints

Question 25

lateral and medial abduction and adduction of 3rd digit

Answer 25

at metacarpophalangeal joint

Question 26

abduction and adduction of thumb

Answer 26

frontal plane | at metacarpophalangeal joint

Question 27

flexion and extension of thumb

Answer 27

sagittal plane | metacarpophalangeal and interphalangeal joints

Question 28

upper limb specialised modifications

Answer 28

1. circumduction of shoulder 2. pronation/supination of forearm 3. opposition of thumb 4. precise control of fine digital movements permits gripping/grasping, lifting/carrying and swinging/punching

Question 29

what is the clavicle

Answer 29

movable, crane-like strut, ensuring the limbs are away from the trunk transmits shock from upper limb to axial skeleton

Question 30

joints in the clavicle

Answer 30

``` sternoclavicular joint (SC joint) acromioclavicular joint (AC joint) ```

Question 31

first long bone to ossify

Answer 31

clavicle

Question 32

by when is the clavicle completely fused

Answer 32

25-31 years old

Question 33

scapula

Answer 33

``` shoulder blade glenoid cavity laterally head of humerus 4x bigger than bony socket fibrous capsule loose more prone to dislocation ```

Question 34

shoulder joint / gelnohumeral joint

Answer 34

``` shallow glenoid cavity made deeper by glenoid labrum loose joint capsule bursae easily dislocated ```

Question 35

movements of glenohumeral joint

Answer 35

adduction/abduction flexion/extension medial and lateral rotation circumduction

Question 36

arm

Answer 36

extends from glenohumeral joint and elbow joint bone: humerus divided into anterior and posterior compartments

Question 37

anterior compartment of arm

Answer 37

also the flexor compartment formed by biceps brachii, brachial, coracobrachialis flexors mainly

Question 38

posterior compartment of arm

Answer 38

also the extensor compartment formed by triceps brachii and anconeus extension movement

Question 39

elbow joint

Answer 39

synovial hinge joint | dense capsule and ligaments for stability

Question 40

elbow joint movements

Answer 40

0º extension - 150º flexion flexion: main muscle biceps brachii (and brachialis and brachioradialis) extension: main muscle triceps brachii (forced extension damages olecranon)

Question 41

forearm

Answer 41

between elbow and wrist

Question 42

forearm movements

Answer 42

supination: supinator muscle pronation: pronator teres and pronator quadratus

Question 43

extrinsic muscles of hand

Answer 43

flexors and extensors

Question 44

intrinsic muscles of hand

Answer 44

thenar, hypothenar, interosseous and lumbricals

Question 45

hand skin

Answer 45

thicker, hairless, and skin inhibits melanin production

Question 46

power and precision grip throughout years

Answer 46

1-2 yrs: first grip 2-3 yrs: four-finger grip 4 yrs: pincer grip