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Human Form and Function > Male reproductive tract > Flashcards

Male reproductive tract Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two roles of the reproductive system?

A

Reproduce

Production of reproductive hormones

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2
Q

What is involved in reproducing?

A

Produce gametes

Fertilisation & development of fetus

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3
Q

What is involved in production of reproductive hormones?

A

Development & function of reproductive system
Development of sex-specific body form
Normal sex specific behaviour

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4
Q

What is the role of gonads (testes)?

A

Produce sperm and hormones

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5
Q

What is the role of associated ducts?

A

Transport, store & mature sperm

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6
Q

What is the role of accessory glands?

A

Produce seminal fluid

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7
Q

What are the accessory glands?

A

Seminal glands
Prostate glands
Bulbo-urethral glands

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8
Q

What are the external genitals?

A

Penis

Scrotum

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9
Q

Describe the adult testis

A

Flattened egg shape- 4cm

In scrotum

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10
Q

Why are the testis in the scrotum

A

For temperature regulation

3 degrees celsius cooler than internal body temp

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11
Q

What are the endocrine functions of the testis

A

Produces hormones directly into blood stream

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12
Q

What are the exocrine functions of the testis?

A

Production and release of sperm, leave organ within ducts

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13
Q

How is the sac in the scrotum divided?

A

Divided internally by connective tissue septum

Externally by raphe/ridge

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14
Q

What is on the outer layer of the scrotum?

A

Skin, CT & smooth muscle

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15
Q

What is the base of the scrotum covered with?

A

Pubic hairs

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16
Q

Why is temperature regulation important in the scrotum?

A

Sperm needs to be 3 degrees celsius lower than internal body

If it’s too warm sperm can’t be produced efficiently and there is an increased mutation rate

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17
Q

How is temperature regulation controlled?

A

By muscles

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18
Q

Which smooth muscle controls temperature regulation?

A

Dartos- reduces scrotum size by firming up skin, sac less spacious spacious, pulls testes closer in

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19
Q

Which skeletal muscle controls temperature regulation?

A

Cremaster- pull testes nearer body, physically pulls testes closer to the body, less likely to loose heat

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20
Q

What makes up the testis?

A

Tunica albuginea

Tunica vaginalis

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21
Q

What is the tunica albuginea comprised of?

A

Septa subdivided into roughly 300 lobules
Lobules= 1-4 seminiferous tubules (roughly 0.5 km per testis)
Tubules empty into efferent ductules
Loose connective tissue surrounds tubules interstitium

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22
Q

What is the tunica vaginalis comprised of?

A

Closed sac of serous membrane

Serous fluid, visceral layer connecting to testes, parietal layer further out

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23
Q

What is the rete testis?

A

Connect efferent tubules to epididymis

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24
Q

What is interstium?

A

Loose connective tissue between seminiferous tubules (produce important hormones)

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25
Q

What is spermatogenesis?

A

The process in which spermatozoa are produced from spermatogonial stem cells by way of mitosis and meiosis

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26
Q

What is the initial process in spermatogenesis?

A

The initial cells in this pathway are called spermatogonia, which yield primary spermatocytes by mitosis

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27
Q

How many sperm are produced everyday?

A

70-100 million

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28
Q

How long is the cycle of spermatogenesis?

A

64 days

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29
Q

How long throughout the males life does spermatogenesis occur?

A

puberty to death

30
Q

What happens when sperm leave testis?

A

Not fully mature, sit in epididymis where they gain motility and are stored within epididymis

31
Q

How long can sperm survive in the female environment?

A

48 hours

32
Q

What is the commonest cancer in young men?

A

Testicular germ cell cancer

33
Q

What does testicular germ cell cancer cause?

A

Reduced fertility

34
Q

Where does the testis descent begin?

A

Near kidneys

35
Q

Where do testis descend to?

A

Into the scrotum

36
Q

When does testis descent begin?

A

7 month in utero

37
Q

What does INSL3 hormone do?

A

Insulin-like 3

Regulates growth and differentiation of gubernaculum, and thus mediating intra-abdominal testicular descent

38
Q

What is descent controlled by?

A

Androgens- controlling own descent as they are released by testis

39
Q

What can be the cause of abnormal descent?

A

2-4% cryptochidism (absence of one or both testes from the scrotum)
30% premature
70% spontaneous descent

40
Q

What is the risk factor that comes with abnormal descent?

A

Testis cancer

41
Q

What is the inguninal canal?

A

Bilateral passeageway at anterior abdominal wall between deep and superfifical inguinal rings

42
Q

What does the ingunial canal contain?

A

Illioinguinal nerve
Spermatic cord
Arteries, nerves and veins
Vas deferens

43
Q

What is the Epididymis?

A

Coiled tube roughly 7m long
Head, body and tail
Lined by silia

44
Q

What does the epididymis do?

A

Recycles damaged spematozoa

Stores and matures spermatozoa (12-16 days)

45
Q

What is the ductus (vas) deferens?

A

Strong muscular tube- seminal vesicle join to form seminal fluid

46
Q

Where does the ductus deferens come from?

A

Ascends from epidiymis, through inguinal canal, to pelvis, roughly 30cm long

47
Q

What does the ductus deferens do?

A

Enlargens post- ampulla- joins seminal vesicle duct= ejaculatory duct

48
Q

Where does ductus deferens empty?

A

Into prostatic urethra- important for fluid to form with sperm (join here)

49
Q

What happens to the ductus deferens during a vasectomy?

A

Cut and Ligated

50
Q

What are seminal vesicles?

A

Paired glands
Post/inf to urinary bladder
Roughly 5 cm
Smooth muscle wall- contract

51
Q

What do seminal vesicles do?

A

Produces & stores semen:
Contributes 60% volume
Fructose (sugar) & prostaglandins (hormone)
Alkaline secretion- vagina acidic, neutralises and allows sperm to survive

52
Q

Where and what is the size of the prostate gland?

A

Walnut size- roughly 3-4 cm diameter
Inferior to bladder
Surrounds prostatic urethra

53
Q

What type of gland is the prostate gland?

A 
Smooth muscle gland
Smooth muscle contraction
Produces semen (30%)
Secretions- slightly alkaline
Prostate- specific antigen
54
Q

What infections can occur in the prostate gland?

A

Infections:
• Protatitis
• Benign hyperplasia
• Prostate cancer
Urethra comes through middle of prostate gland
Smooth muscle for contraction
Aging- prostate swells can cause cancer in males or can stop men being able to urinate

55
Q

How much semen do men have?

A

2-5ml

56
Q

How much sperm is in a ml of semen?

A

50-150 million

57
Q

What issues may men that have less than 20 million sperm have?

A

Struggle to conceive, sub fertile

58
Q

Where does fluid in semen come from?

A

Accessory glands (95% volume)
Basic pH
Fructose, nutrients and liquid to swim

59
Q

What is ejaculation?

A

Expulsion from urethra

Peristaltic contraction of smooth muscles in ducts, glands, pelvic floor & base of penis

60
Q

What is the dual function of the urethra in males?

A

Urinary

Reproductive

61
Q

What is the length of the urethra?

A

20cm long, 3 segments

62
Q

What are the 3 segments of the urethra?

A

Prostatic urethra
Membranous urethra
Spongy (penile) urethra

63
Q

Describe the prostatic urethra

A

Receives ejaculatory & prostatic ducts

64
Q

Describe the membranous urethra

A

Shortest

65
Q

Describe the spongy (penile) urethra

A

Through corpus spongiosum to external orifice

Receives bulbourethral gland ducts

66
Q

What does the root and the bulb of the penis do?

A

Connects penis to pelvic bone

67
Q

What does the shaft of the penis do?

A

Columns of erectile tissue
Blood sinuses
Corpus spongiosum-ventral
Cavernose (paired)- dorsolateral

68
Q

What does the glans of the penis do?

A

Prepuce/foreskin- circumcision

69
Q

What disrupt the endocrine system in male reproduction?

A

Chemicals in the environment

Can affect reproductive development in utero

70
Q

What are the effects of a disrupted endocrine system?

A

Structure of testes and also fertility
Structure of the penis
Risk of testicular cancer
Testis descent

Human Form and Function (10 decks)

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