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The Limbic System Flashcards

1
Q

where is the limbic system located

A

the telencephalon and diencephalon

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2
Q

how does the limbic system influence behavior responses?

A

by survival drives and learned experiences

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3
Q

what are the self persevation behaviors that the limbic system plays a crucial role in?

(hint: theres 5)

A

sleep/wake cycle
feeding/appetite
sexual and nurturing
fight/flight
motivation/addiction

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4
Q

(T/F) the limbic system is also considered as the “feeling and reacting brain”

A

true

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5
Q

in a healthy adult, the limbic system is usually under control of the ___

A

“thinking brain”
cortex

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6
Q

what are the structures in the limbic system

A

cingulate gyrus
parahippocampal gyrus
amygdala

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7
Q

what are the subcortical structures of the limbic system

A

hypothalamus/mammillary bodies
anterior thalamic nuclei
septal nuclei
fornix
stria terminalis
olfactory tract

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8
Q

what is the function of the cingulate gyrus

A

“connecting hub”
processing emotions and sensations with actions

communicates w/ motor cortices, endocrine and autonomic system

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9
Q

where is the parahippocampus gyrus located

A

inferior surface of medial temporal lobe

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10
Q

what is the function of the parahippocampal gyrus

A

acts as a “staging area” for memory formation

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11
Q

what is the pathway of the parahippocampal gyrus for processing information?

A
  1. sensory info is sent to the ENTORHINAL CORTEX -> “packaged up”
  2. sent to the hippocampus to be ENCODED/CONSOLIDATED as a LTM
  3. onces its a “memory” then it is sent back to the entorhinal cortex
  4. sends it to different regions of the brain
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12
Q

where is the hippocampus located

A

deep to the parahippocampal gyrus

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13
Q

what is the function of the hippocampus

A

central role in memory formation
- encodes all incoming input and consolidates it into a “single experience” and then sends it to the entorhinal cortex

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14
Q

bilateral lesion/damage to the hippocampus (atrophy)

A

pt is unable to form new long term memories, however they can be retrieved from other areas of the cortex

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15
Q

(T/F) mammilary bodies are not considered part of the hypothalamus

A

false
“sometimes considered part of hypothalamus”

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16
Q

hypothalamus is critical area for maintaining what?

A

homeostatsis

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17
Q

the hypothalamus communicates with the pituitary gland to regulate what functions in the body?

A

endocrine function
autonomic function
behavioral function
sexual functions

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18
Q

how does the hypothalamus regulate the endocrine function?

A

serves as the “junction box” btw nervous system and endocrine system

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19
Q

how does the hypothalamus regulate the autonomic function?

A

hypothalamic neurons project (descend) to PARA/SYMPATHETIC pathways in the brainstem/sc

influences the autonomic nervous system’s role in maintaining homeostasis

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20
Q

how does the hypothalamus regulate the behavior function

A

mammillary bodies of hypothalamus have connections w/ the reticular and autonomic systems to facilitate emotional respponses
(sweaty palms, chills, quesy stomach)

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21
Q

how does the hypothalamus regulate sexual functions?

A

plays a role in sexual development and behavior

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22
Q

where is the amygdala located

A

deep within UNCUS of temporal lobe

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23
Q

what is the function of the amygdala

A

generates behavioral responses (fear, anger, rage, sexuality) to sensory stimuli

  • “big picture” provides instinctive behavioral responses to innate human survival
  • processes external sensory stimuli with its own innate survival reactions and PREVIOUS learned memories
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24
Q

what is the short loop pathway of the amygdala ?

A
  1. thalamus sends sensory input directly to amygdala (“no thinking involved”)
  2. processes info and directly generates an EMOTIONAL SURVIVAL RESPONSE
  3. then stores the emotional response as IMPLICIT MEMORY
  4. if exposed to the same stimulus again, the amygdala can quickly recognize the stimulus and produce a FASTER/STRONGER emotional survival response
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25
what is the long loop pathway of the amygdala
1. thalamus sends sensory input to the CORTEX (“thinking is involved”) 2. cortex creates and uses EXPLICIT memories to decide how to act in response of stimuli 3. cortex/hippo share the explicit memory with amygdala compares its own IMPLICIT memory with the cortex’s learned EXPLICIT memory to generates a MODIFIED emotional response
26
what is the function of “implicit responses”
fast/quick instinct or reactive response short loop or “low” road
27
what is the function of “explicit responses”
slower response response was well “thought out” long loop or “high” road
28
what is “amygdala hijack”
abrupt inappropriate emotional response followed by post reponse realization of the response was inappropriate
29
lesion to the amygdala
reduce emotional responses to stimuli
30
what is kluver bucy syndrome
RARE BILATERAL destructive lesion of amygdala - placid, tame, non-aggressive behavior
31
irritative lesions (seizures) of the amygdala
strong emotions of fear and panic loss of control hyperactivity
32
what is the function of the olfactory system amygdala
generates emotional response to the olfactory info - responsible for creating olfactory memories - both positive and negative
33
what is the pleasure/reward pathways of the amygdala
the amygdala and limbic system is part of pathways that are known as DOPAMINERGIC PATHWAYS
34
what are the memory pathway “hiearchies”
sensory memory (“fleeting memory”) attention short term memory long term memory
35
what is sensory memory
last few seconds - simply become aware for “fleeting moment” -visual: 0.03 sec - auditory: 3 secs - somatosensory: 10 secs
36
what is attention in the memory pathway “hierarchy”
thalamus and association areas DIRECT ATTENTION to the stimulus and allow info to enter short term memory pathways
37
what is short term memory
info is temporarily stored in the cortex and can recalled within a minute - secs to a min 15-30 secs maybe 45-60secs
38
what is long term memory
encoded/consolidated in medial temporal lobe and stored in the cortex for recall - lasts MINUTES TO YEARS
39
what are the components of STM
attention working memory immediate recall
40
what are the components for LTM
minutes to years encoding/consolidating storage retrieval/recall
41
what are the regions of the brain involved in STM
brainstem thalamus hypothalamus - posterior associative areas to generate ATTENTION
42
what does the cortex do in STM
posterior cortex detects and processes sensory info and sends it to the anterior associative area
43
what is step 1 in STM
posterior association area DIRECTS ATTENTION to the sensory input
44
what is step 2 in STM
sensory info is sent to anterior associatve area and is temporarily stored (less than a minute)
45
what is step 3 in STM
during this minute, the info can be used as “working memory” for immediate rehearsal, practice or retrieval using phonological loops, visual/spatial loops, and episodic buffer in the cortex
46
what is central executive in working memory
drives the system of working memory - cognitive task such as problem solving and mental math
47
what is visuospatial sketch pad in working memory
stores/processes info in visual or spatial form
48
what is phonological loop in working memory
spoken/written info
49
what is an episodic buffer in working memory
integrates info across systems and links to LTM
50
what are the 2 types of LTM
implicit (non-declarative) memory explicit (declarative) memory
51
what is implicit (non-declarative) memory
things you that you can show by doing (procedural memory) “unconsciously” remember learned physical skills, habits or others acquired/automated behaviors
52
what is explicit (declarative) memory
conscious recall of info that you can tell others (bro like what dr wu asked me during CPE omg)
53
what are the 2 types of explicit memory
semantic memory (the facts) episodic memory (the experience)
54
what is semantic memory
recall of factual knowledge of historical events/people recognize people “academic” info some suggest DOMINANT HEMI
55
what is episodic memory
experiential recall of the events in a person’s life some suggest NON DOM
56
what is the 1st step of LTM formation
sensory stimuli (input) is processed by sensory cortex and stored in anterior associatve area as a STM sent to the ENTORHINAL CORTEX to start the process of being “converted” to a LTM
57
(T/F) formation of LTM first requires STM to be intact
true
58
what are the 3 basic components of LTM
encoding/consolidating storage retrieval/recall
59
how does encoding/consolidating function in LTM
1.entorhinal cortex sends STM to the hippo 2. the hippo encodes all different sensory components of the STM to a “single experience” (consolidate) 3. “single experience” is converted to a “digital snapshot” of the neural map
60
what is “storage” in LTM
the hippo sends the snapshot of the encoded/consolidated memory back to the ENTORHINAL CORTEX of the parahippo gyrus the entorhinal cortex sends the SNAPSHOT to associative regions where components of the snapshot are STORED
61
what is retrieval/recall (remembering) in LTM
accessing all components from the digital snapshot healthy brain detects one or more of the components from the digital snapshot replays the neural map
62
how do you strengthen LTM
repetitive retrieval association the memory elaborate processing (multisensory)
63
how to assess LTM in a clinical neuro exam
test to see if pt is alert and oriented testing remote memory recent memory (repeat 3-4 words)
64
what is amnesia
used to describe declarative memory loss
65
what will a unilateral lesion cause in the dominant hemisphere for memory
verbal memory loss
66
what will a unilateral lesion cause in the non dominant hemisphere for memory
visual-spatial loss
67
what will a bilateral lesion result for memory
more severe declarative memory loss
68
what is anterograde amnesia
loss of ability to memorize new things after “injury”
69
what retrograde amnesia
cant recall events prior to injury
70
what is repressed amnesia
unable to recall info often traumatic
71
what is dissociative (fugue state)
pyschological trauma, usually temporary
72

Neuro Anat/Path (14 decks)

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