Cells Of Nervous System Lecture 6 Quiz 4

Question 1

What are glial cells

Answer 1

Supportive cells of the nervous system

Question 2

What are the neuron structures

Answer 2

Cell body (soma)
Dendrite
Axon
Terminal axon

Question 3

What is a cell body

Answer 3

“Production factory” for all components of the neuron
- enzymes, proteins, membrane structures, organelles

Question 4

What is a dendrite

Answer 4

Sensory input
Narrowed extension of cell body that results in huge synaptic surface area

Question 5

What is an axon

Answer 5

Conducts actions potentials for signaling
“Myelinated vs unmyelinated”

Question 6

What are the nodes of ranvier

Answer 6

Allows faster transmisssion of action potential (AP)

MYELINATED AXON

Question 7

What is anterograde transport

Answer 7

Cell body to terminal axon

Question 8

What is retrograde transport

Answer 8

Terminal axon to cell body

Question 9

What is a microtubular highway

Answer 9

Transports molecular components necessary for cell function

Question 10

What does the microtubule highway consist of

Answer 10

Microtubules and neurofilaments

Question 11

What are the 5 types of glial cells

Answer 11

Astrocytes
Oligodendrocyte
Microglial cells (microglia)
Ependymal cells
Schwann Cells

Question 12

What are astrocytes

Answer 12

Fill the space between neurons

Dynamic and significant role in CNS signaling, function, and health (BBB)

Question 13

What are astrocytes 4 functions

Answer 13

Regulate the BBB
Transport nutrients
Regulates synapses
Remodeling

Question 14

Astrocytes pathologies

Answer 14

Neurodegenerative diseases
- Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, MS
Psychiatric disease

Question 15

What are oligodendrocytes

Answer 15

Responsible for myelinating axons of the CNS

Question 16

What are microglial cells

Answer 16

Not true glial cell
Clear toxic material (apoptotic neurons, protein aggregates) via phagocytosis

Question 17

What are ependymal cells

Answer 17

Responsible for secreting/absorbing nutrients into the CSF

Protects the BBB

Question 18

What are Schwann Cells

Answer 18

PNS
Responsible for myelinating axons in the nerves of the PNS

Provide CT support and have a phagocytosis role in the peripheral nerve

Question 19

What are proteinopathies

Answer 19

Abnormal protein production or excess accumulation
This can lead to cell death

Question 20

What are the 3 types of proteinopathies

Answer 20

Alpha synuclein
Tau protein
Beta amyloid plaque

Question 21

In Alzheimer’s disease, what are the proteinopathies

Answer 21

Alpha synuclein, tau proteins, beta amyloid

ALL 3 PROTEINS

Question 22

In pick’s disease, what are the proteinopathies

Answer 22

Tau protein (pick bodies)

Question 23

In chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE), what are the proteinopathies

Answer 23

Tau proteins

Question 24

In Parkinson’s disease, what are the proteinopathies

Answer 24

Alpha synuclein

Question 25

What are neurotic plaques

Answer 25

Extracellular accumulation of BETA AMYLOID

Question 26

What are neurofibrillary tangles

Answer 26

Intracellular abnormal accumulation of TAU PROTEINS within the axon

Question 27

What are the structures of peripheral nerve

Answer 27

Epineurium (outer) Perineurium (around) Endoneurium (inside)

Question 28

What is neuropraxia

Answer 28

Least severe good prognosis No axonal loss Wallerian degeneration does not occur Complete recovery is evident in 3-6 weeks

Question 29

What is axonotmesis

Answer 29

Disruption of axons with perineurium and epineurium remaining intact Wallerian degeneration occurs May require many months to recover

Question 30

What is neurotmesis

Answer 30

Complete transaction of all components of the nerve Wallerian degeneration occurs Requires surgery

Question 31

What is the rate of recovery for peripheral nerve damage

Answer 31

Slow

Question 32

What is the rate of axonal regeneration of peripheral nerve recovery

Answer 32

1-2mm/day

Question 33

How many inches per day for rate of axonal regeneration

Answer 33

0.04 to 0.08 inches per day

Question 34

What’s the long term recovery for peripheral nerve recovery

Answer 34

1-2 inches per month

Question 35

What are the phases for Wallerian degeneration

Answer 35

Phase 1 = acute nerve injury Phase 2 = degeneration Phase 3 = regeneration

Question 36

What is phase 1 of Wallerian degeneration

Answer 36

Proximal and distal ends of the nerve are separated and “sealed” within 24 hrs

Question 37

What is phase 2 of Wallerian degeneration

Answer 37

Debris of distal segments are removed and regeneration occurs

Question 38

What is phase 3 of Wallerian degeneration

Answer 38

Axonal spouts emerge/grow from proximal nerve segment to reach target tissue Regeneration if cell body is not healthy

Question 39

What are the mechanisms of injury of peripheral nerves

Answer 39

1. Stretch/traction 2. Laceration 3. Compressive

Question 40

In the terminal axon, what happens in the presynaptic side

Answer 40

AP signals calcium influx for neurotransmitters release from synaptic cleft

Question 41

In terminal axon what happens in the post synaptic cleft

Answer 41

Neurotransmitters binds to receptors and released back into the synaptic cleft