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Neuro Anat/Path > Brainstem And Cranial Nerves Quiz 6 > Flashcards

Brainstem And Cranial Nerves Quiz 6 Flashcards

1
Q

In the anterior view, what are the brainstem landmarks

A
  1. Midbrain - cerebral peduncles
  2. Pons
  3. Medulla - pyramids (descending corticospinal tract)
  4. Pyramidal decussation
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2
Q

In in the anterior view, what cranial nerves does not emerge from the brainstem

A

CN 1
CN 2

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3
Q

In the anterior view, what cranial nerves emerge from the brainstem

A

Midbrain: CN 3, CN 4
Pons: CN 5, CN 6, CN 7, CN 8
Medulla: CN 9, CN, 10, CN 11, and CN 12

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4
Q

In the posterior view, what brainstem landmarks are visible

A

Thalamus
superior colliculus
Inferior colliculus
CN 4
4th ventricle

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5
Q

In the sagittal view, what brainstem landmarks are visible

A

Midbrain
Pons
Medulla
Superior colliculus
Inferior colliculus
4th ventricle
Cerebral aqueduct

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6
Q

What is pyramidal decussation

A

Represent the descending portion of the corticospinal motor tract that crosses midline

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7
Q

In pyramidal decussation, what does lateral corticospinal tract do

A

Majority cross midline and descend in the spinal cord

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8
Q

In pyramidal decussation, what does anterior corticospinal tract do

A

Some do not cross midline and descend in spinal cord

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9
Q

What are the 3 vertical columns of the brainstem

A

Tectum
Tegmentum
Basis

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10
Q

What the location of the tectum

A

Everything posterior to the cerebral aqueduct

Primarily in midbrain

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11
Q

In the tectum, the superior colliculus does what

A

Visual input from the eye connects directly to the superior colliculi to create circuitry for visual reflexes

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12
Q

What are the visual reflexes of the superior colliculus

A

Pupillary light reflexes
Orienting eyes toward/away from visual stimuli

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13
Q

In the tectum, what does the inferior colliculus do

A

Auditory input from the ear connects directly to the inferior colliculi to create circuitry for auditory reflexes

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14
Q

What are the auditory reflexes in the inferior colliculus

A

Loud sound - shrug shoulders and duck head

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15
Q

Where is the tegmentum

A

Everything between cerebral aqueduct / 4th ventricle and basis

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16
Q

What are the structures in the tegmentum

A
  1. Reticular formation
  2. Ascending somatosensory tracts
  3. Nuclei of CN 3-12
  4. Descending motor tracts
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17
Q

What does the ascending somatosenory tracts do in the tegmentum?

A

Proprioception, light touch, pain and temp from the BODY and HEAD

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18
Q

Where are the nuclei of CN3-12

A

Tegmentum
Midbrain: CN 3-4
Pons: 5-8
Medulla: 8-12

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19
Q

Where does the descending motor tracts originate from in the tegmentum ?

A

Brainstem nuclei

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20
Q

In the tegmentum, where does the rubrospinal tract originate

A

Originate from red nucleus in midbrain

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21
Q

In the tegmentum, where does the tectospinal tract originate

A

Originate from tectum in midbrain

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22
Q

In the tegmentum, where does the reticulospinal tract originate

A

Originate from reticular nuclei in lower 2/3 of brainstem

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23
Q

In the tegmentum, where does the vestibulospinal tract orignate

A

Originate from vestibular nuclei in lower brainstem

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24
Q

In the basis, what does the descending motor tracts originate from?

A

The cortex

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25
In the basis, what is the corticospinal tract
Originates in the primary motor cortex , descends in basis of brainstem and continues down the SPINAL CORD to supply muscles of the BODY
26
In the basis, what is the corticobulbar tract
Originates in the primary motor cortex, descends in basis of brainstem and connects to CRANIAL NEVRES that supply muscles of the HEAD
27
In the basis, what is the corticopontine tract
Descends from the MOTOR CORTICES, descends in basis of upper brainstem, terminates in pontine nuclei and CONNECTS to CEREBELLUM
28
In the reticular formation, where is the rostral reticular formation
Upper pons and midbrain
29
In the reticular formation, where is the caudal reticular formation
Lower pons and medulla
30
What is the overall function of reticular formation
Regulates and modulates most areas of the CNS
31
Sudden infant death syndrome MIGHT impact what
Reticular system (dysfunction)
32
What are the 3 functions of the caudal reticular formation
1. Modulate respiratory and cardiovascular nuclei of brainstem 2. Modulate motor functions 3. Modulate nociception (pain) pathways
33
For function 1 of the caudal reticular formation, why is it important
“Life support” function
34
What is the MOTOR FUNCTION of the caudal reticular formation
Motor functions: Postural muscle tone, patterning gait, horizontal eye movement, micturition
35
For function 3 of the caudal reticular formation , why is it important
1. The RETICULAR NUCLEI sends signals down the spinal cord to INHIBIT the incoming pain 2. INCOMING PAIN from SC STIMULATES the reticular nuclei to inhibit the incoming pain 3. The CORTEX also stimulates the reticular nuclei to inhibit the incoming pain
36
What is another name for rostral reticular formation
Reticular activating system (RAS) Ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)
37
What the main function of the rostral reticular system
Modulate consciousness
38
What are the 3 components of consciousness in rostral reticular formation
Alertness Attention Awareness
39
What happens if there’s damage to the upper brainstem (rostral reticular formation)
Potential coma or impaired consciousness
40
What are states of impaired consciousness
Brain death Coma Vegetative state
41
What are states that mimic impaired consciousness
Locked in syndrome Dissociative disorder
42
What are the areas effected in coma
Severely depressed function of cortex Severely depressed subcortical regions (CNS arousal systems)
43
What are the reflexes expected to be intact for a coma
Spinal cord reflexes Brainstem reflexes
44
What is a vegetative state
Similar to coma CNS cells are still a alive but metabolism is significantly reduced
45
What makes vegetative state different from a coma
Will display some sub cortical function (sleep wake cycle preserved, some arousal reflexes)
46
What are the areas effected in vegetative state
Severely depressed function of cortex Partially depressed function of sub-cortical regions
47
What are the reflexes expected to be intact for vegetative state
Spinal cord reflexes Brainstem reflexes Some arousal reflexes (arousal/open eyes to stimuli, turn head toward stimuli, random sounds or movement)
48
What is brain death
Extreme irreversible form of coma “No evidence of cortex, diencephalon and brain stem function including ABSENT brainstem reflexes” Metabolism and perfusion “near zero”
49
What are the areas effected in brain death
Absent function of cortex, subcortical (diencephalon/upper brainstem) arousal system and brainstem
50
What are the reflexes expected to be intact in brain death
Spinal cord reflexes
51
What are the arteries that supply the brainstem
1. Vertebral artery 2. Basilar artery 3. PCA
52
The posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA) comes from where
Vertebral artery
53
The pontine artery comes from where
Basilar artery
54
The anterior inferior cerebellar artery branches off from where
Basilar artery
55
PICA supplies what in the brainstem
Lateral medulla as it makes it way to the cerebellum
56
The pontine artery supples what to the brainstem
Supplies most of the PONS
57
The posterior cerebral artery supplies what in the brainstem
Small branches supply midbrain
58
What are the vasculature syndromes of brainstem
Weber’s syndrome Pure motor hemiparesis Locked-in syndrome Wallenberg syndrome (lateral medullary syndrome)
59
Weber syndrome
Blood vessel: R or L PCA -Unilateral stroke of the anterior midbrain Region/structure damaged: basis of the midbrain -cerebral puduncle -oculomotor nerve (CNS 3) - may extend to substantia nigra Clinical findings: - contralateral hemiplegia/paresis - ipsilateral CN 3 palsy (diplopia, ptosis) - Parkinson’s becuz of substantia nigra
60
Pure motor hemiparesis
Blood vessel involved: R or L pontine arteries of basilar artery comes - unilateral stroke of the anterior pons Region/structure damaged: Basis of the pons Clinical findings: Contralateral hemiplegia/paresis
61
Locked in syndrome
Blood vessels involved: BASILAR ARTERY - bilateral stroke of the anterior pons Region/structure damaged: - basis of upper pons Clinical findings: - quadriplegia with intact sensation and cognition
62
Wallenberg syndrome (lateral medullary syndrome)
Blood vessel involved: vertebral artery, PICA - “unilateral stroke of the lateral medulla” Region/structure damaged: -lateral medulla and may also involve inferior cerebellum Clinical findings: - loss of pain/temp to FACE + BODY - face is IPSILATERAL - body is CONTRALATERAL - vertigo/nausea - hoarseness, dysphasia - horners syndrome (ptosis, miosis, and anhydrosis) -ataxia
63
The AICA (anterior inferior cerebellar artery) supplies what
Branches from the Basilar artery and supplies SMALL PORTIONS OF THE PONS (lateral region of the lower pons) as it makes it way to the cerebellum
64
What is the PHYSIOLOGICAL motor reflexes of the caudal reticular formation
Physiological motor reflexes: Swallow, vomit, cough, sneeze, hiccup, shivering, laughing, crying

Neuro Anat/Path (14 decks)

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