The Life Cycle Flashcards
Time span of premature birth
<37 wks
Time span of very premature birth
<32 wks
What is the APGAR score? Use?
Appearance (color), Pulse, Grimace (reflex irritability), Activity (muscle tone), Respiration; Used to predict likelihood of immediate survival
Why is the number of premature births so high in the US?
No free prenatal care, delayed childbearing, increased maternal age
What are “baby blues”? Serious complications?
exaggerated emotionality and tearfulness lasting a few days after birth; Major depression and postpartum psychosis
What are the spheres of development?
Motor, social, verbal/cognitive
Describe general developments from infancy to 18 months
Attachment, Social smile (@ 12 wks), Stranger Anxiety (@ 9 months), Object permanence comes before separation anxiety, which is in late first year
What is the importance of attachment?
Psychoimmunology - attachment can help to bolster immune system
What are 4 reflexes found in an infant?
Rooting - touch cheek, and infant turns towards you
Palmar Grasp Reflex - Grip object in palm
Moro Reflex - Limbs extend when child is startled
Babinski Reflex - Dorsiflexion of toes when sole of foot is stroked
When does the Babinski reflex disappear?
After 1 year
Describe developments of toddler (18 months to 3 years)
Rapprochement (moves away but then comes back), “No!”, Parallel play (Next to, not reciprocal), @ 3 years can spend few hours away from mother, gender identity
Describe developments of child 3 to 6 yo
Bowel and Bladder control, sibling rivalry, regression, Dramatic vocab increase, Active imagination (knows imaginary friends are not real), Cooperative play (@ 4 yo), Fear of injury, Body curiosity
Describe regression
Stops and starts to development (normal)
At age 4, what percentage of vocab should we understand from a child?
100%
Describe milestones at 6 yo
Superego, morality, empathy, lying is wrong, finality of death
Describe characteristics of early school age
7-11 yo, psychosexual issues dormant, strive for competence, when learning problems are identified
At what age is universality of death recognized?
Age 9
Age range of adolescence
11 - 20 yo
Characteristics of adolescence
Independence/autonomy, myelination, pruning of nearly 50% of synaptic connections
Characteristics of middle adolescence
Body image/popularity, risk-taking, less likely to comply with medical advice
Characteristics of late adolescence
Identity Crisis, Role confusion, Some but not all develop abstraction
General characteristics of teenage sexuality
Daily masturbation, homosexual experience, sexual intercourse,
What are three factors that predispose a teenager to pregnancy?
Depression, poor school achievement, divorced parents
What are the most common genetic factors contributing to mental retardation?
Down Syndrome, Fragile X Syndrome
What are some challenges of early and middle adulthood?
Transitional periods, reappraisal of desires, goals, and values, vulnerable to physical/emotional illness during periods of life change (Midlife crisis), Regression
Percentage of marriages ending in divorce?
50%
What are factors that contribute to divorce?
Short courtship, teenage premarital pregnancy, absence of family support, prior divorce in family, differences in religion/socioeconomic background, couples that experience serious illness in child
What is at an increased risk in single-parent families?
Physical and mental illness
What risks are increased in a child coming from divorced parents?
School failure, depression, drug abuse, suicide, criminal activity, divorce
What is the difference betwixt sole, joint, and split custody?
Sole: parent with whom child lives, has legal responsibility for child and makes decisions about care. Other parent contributes to financial support and has scheduled visiting times, Joint: Child spends part of time living with each parent, Split: Each parent has custody of at least one child in the family
When should one be told about adoption?
At earliest possible age along with all that is known about biological parents
Characteristics of early adulthood
Role in society defined, physical development at peak, independence, love and gratifying work, adopt parental values after years of rebellion and soul-seeking
Characteristics of middle adulthood
Unique social responsibilities, health, money, power, authority
What is climacterium?
Physiological changes that occur in men and women during midlife (Men: Decreased MSK strength, endurance, sexual performance, Women: menopause
What are some losses of aging?
Social status, spouses, family, friends, health, strength
What is the average life expectancy? Men? Women?
77, 75, 80
What are neurologic changes associated with aging?
Decreased cerebral blood flow, decreased brain weight, amyloid plaques, decreased neurotransmitter availability
What other physiological losses that accompany aging?
Bladder control, strength, vision, hearing
What is some major psychopathology found in elderly?
Depression (Pseudodementia), suicide, anxiety, substance abuse, delirium
What are the Elizabeth Kubler-Ross stages of dying?
Denial, Anger, Bargaining, Depression, Acceptance
What is abnormal grief?
Syx of sadness intensify or persist over time instead of lessening
What is bereavement?
Normal grief may subside in 1 to 2 years
What are Autism Spectrum Disorders? When are they seen?
Do not acquire verbal and social skills at the expected age, no reciprocity, restricted range of interests, clumsiness; Seen before age 3
What is Rett’s Disorder?
Normal development early followed by hand wringing, breathing problems, intellectual impairment, ataxia, and social decline
What is Childhood Disintegrative Disorder?
2-10 years of normal development followed by late onset developmental delays
