Psychotherapy

Question 1

What is the Hawthorne effect?

Answer 1

Psychological improvement as a result of receiving attention

Question 2

What are the aims of psychoanalysis?

Answer 2

To make the unconscious conscious and understand conflicts/behaviors

Question 3

What is psychoanalysis used to treat?

Answer 3

Depression, Anxiety, Some personality disorders

Question 4

What is the basis of interpersonal therapy?

Answer 4

Based on the idea that problematic attachments early in life predispose one to develop disorders that are expressed through troubled interpersonal relationships in present

Question 5

What is the aim of interpersonal therapy?

Answer 5

To correct interpersonal difficulties

Question 6

What are the four major interpersonal problems?

Answer 6

Loss and grief, role disputes, role transitions, interpersonal deficits

Question 7

What is interpersonal psychotherapy used to treat?

Answer 7

Relationship problems, depression, eating disorders

Question 8

What is the basis of family system therapy?

Answer 8

Idea that the identified patient reflects a dysfunction in the whole family system

Question 9

Goal of family system therapy?

Answer 9

Help improve family’s relational health

Question 10

Strategies for family systems therapy

Answer 10

Normalizing boundaries, redefining blame

Question 11

What is family system therapy used to treat?

Answer 11

Children with behavioral problems, families dealing with conflict, teenagers with eating disorders or substance abuse

Question 12

What is the goal of group therapy?

Answer 12

To treat people with common experiences, a particular disorder or interpersonal difficulties

Question 13

What is the basis of behavioral therapy?

Answer 13

Behaviors are learned so all we have to do is unlearn them

Question 14

What is behavioral therapy used to treat?

Answer 14

Phobias, depression, autism spectrum disorders, psychotic disorders

Question 15

Describe classic conditioning. Ready, go!

Answer 15

Initially there is an unconditioned stimulus and an unconditioned response. A neutral stimulus is introduced preceding the unconditioned stimulus. The neutral stimulus becomes the conditioned stimulus causing a conditioned response

Question 16

What is the process called when the neutral stimulus (conditioned stim) is performed continuously without the unconditioned stimulus and the conditioned response decreases?

Answer 16

Extinction

Question 17

Describe the concept of stimulus generalization

Answer 17

The magnitude of the conditioned response depends on how close the stimulus is to the original conditioned stimulus; you’re afraid of snakes so you might also be afraid of reptiles

Question 18

What is stimulus discrimination?

Answer 18

An organism learns to differentiate among similar stimuli

Question 19

What are applications of classical conditioning?

Answer 19

Phobias and addiction

Question 20

In operant conditioning, what is a reinforcer?

Answer 20

A stimulus event that increase the probability that the operant behavior will occur again.

Question 21

What is a positive reinforcer?

Answer 21

Stimulus that strengthens the response if it follows that response (add a positive stimulus to strengthen response)

Question 22

What is a negative reinforcer?

Answer 22

An unpleasant stimulus that if removed, strengthens the response that removes the stimulus

Question 23

What is the relationship between delay and size of reinforcement and response?

Answer 23

The shorter the delay and the larger the reinforcer, the more vigorous the behavior

Question 24

What is a continuous reinforcement schedule?

Answer 24

Reinforcer delivered every time a particular response occurs

Question 25

What is a partial/intermittent reinforcement schedule?

Answer 25

Reinforcement only given some time

Question 26

What are the four types of partial reinforcement?

Answer 26

Fixed ratio (fixed number of responses required for reinforcement), variable ratio (number of responses required for reinforcement varies), fixed interval (fixed set of time must elapse before next opportunity for reinforcement), variable interval (time interval that must elapse before next opportunity for reinforcement varies)

Question 27

What is punishment?

Answer 27

Presentation of an aversive stimulus or the removal of a pleasant one following some behavior

Question 28

What’s the difference betwixt negative reinforcement and punishment?

Answer 28

NR strengthens behavior and punishment weakens behavior

Question 29

What is positive punishment?

Answer 29

Introducing an unpleasant stimulus to decrease the frequency of a behavior; spanking

Question 30

What is negative punishment?

Answer 30

Taking away a positive stimulus to decrease the frequency of a behavior;

Question 31

What are the drawbacks of punishment?

Answer 31

Does not erase habit, must be immediately and consistently administered otherwise it will be ineffective

Question 32

What is the goal of learning theory?

Answer 32

Understand learning principles maintaining the undesired behaviors and learn new responses in those situations

Question 33

Clinical applications of learning theory

Answer 33

Systematic desensitization - envision anxiety-provoking stimuli, Flooding/implosion - direct exposure without the possibility of avoidance/escape, Positive reinforcement - used to alter problematic behavior (token economy), Aversive conditioning: classical conditioning used to associate physical/psychological discomfort with undesired behaviors, Self Monitoring - maintain detailed record of daily activities, used to est. consequences, Stimulus Control - modification of environmental cues that maintain/elicit behavior

Question 34

What is the basis of cognitive therapy?

Answer 34

Correct errors in logic that lead to catastrophizing, overgeneralization, dichotomous thinking