The Late Tudors (1547-1558) Flashcards
1
Q
A
2
Q
When did Edward take the throne?
A
28th January 1547
3
Q
Who was Edward initially ruled by?
A
His uncle and Lord Protector, Somerset
4
Q
When did Edward introduce his new prayer book ?
A
In 1549
5
Q
When did Somerset take Edward to Windsor Castle?
A
October 6th, 1549
6
Q
When did Edward introduce his second prayer book?
A
In 1552
7
Q
What 4 themes does stability of the monarchy include?
A
- Edward’s minority/age
- The 1549 Coup, where Somerset lost his power
- Lady jane Grey
- Mary and her gender, and wyatts rebellion
8
Q
Why was Edwards minority a problem?
A
- His age was seen as a weakness
- Unable to make decisions for himself and so had to be ruled by Somerset, who took a lot of Edward’s power
- Younger minors had a history of being unsuccessful I.e Edward V who was imprisoned and then later murdered.
- Difficulty leading troops into battle due to a lack of military experience.
- Struggle to control factional struggles
- Hard to protray such a young boy as powerful and king worthy, laughing stock
9
Q
What were the main grievances against Somerset?
A
- Poor leadership.
- Mishandled foreign policy, failed campaign in Scotland and got into war with France.
- Favouritism amongst friends
- Spent money excessively
- The Welsh disliked his social policy, enclosure
- Catholics disliked his religious policy
- Ill-tempered
10
Q
Who was a key figure in crushing Ketts rebellion?
A
Northumberland
11
Q
Who did Northumberland marry his son to?
A
Lady Jane Grey
12
Q
What happened due to Edwards advanced performance?
A
In 1552, it was announced by the council that Edward would reach his majority at 16, rather than 18
13
Q
Who carried out more succesful reforms, Somerset or Northumberland?
A
Northumberland
14
Q
What did Northumberlands reforms focus on?
A
Finance
15
Q
When did Northumberland appoint William Paulet as Lord Treasurer?
A
In February 1550 and in June of the following year, the financial plans were introduced
16
Q
What were Northumberlands financial plans?
A
- To end debasement, told people to lower prices.
- To reduce expenditure
- To pay off debts, which ended up being reduced from £300,000 to £180,000 by the end of Edward’s reign
17
Q
How successful was Northumberlands financial policy?
A
- Relatively successful as he made significant moves towards ending debasement, reducing expenditure, and reducing debts.
- Solved the debasment issue in the short term, but would have been better if he had just rebated the coinage, something Elizabeth had to do in 1560.
- Although expenditure was reduced, particularly in comparison to Somerset he spent excessive amounts of money on new houses, Northumberland still felt the need to reward his supporters financially with grants.
- Reduced debt, but weakend thr long term financial stability of the crown as he sold crown lands.
- So overall there was only really short term fiancial succes, but considering the dire financially situation he had inherited, he did his best
18
Q
When did Northumberland become Lord President of the Council?
A
In January 1550
19
Q
When was Somerset made Lord Protector?
A
On the 31st of january 1547, and on the 4th of February he was given sovereign authority over Edward till Edward turned 18
20
Q
When was Somerset tried and executed?
A
In January 1552
21
Q
When did Edward VI die at Greenwich?
A
6th July 1553
22
Q
When was Lady Jane Grey proclaimed queen?
A
10th July 1553
23
Q
When was Mary acclaimed queen in London and Lady Jane Grey was imprisoned in the tower?
A
3rd August 1553
24
Q
When was Northumberland executed for treason?
A
22nd August 1553
25
When was Cranmer arrested?
14th September 1553
26
When did Mary inform Parliament that she would marry Philip of Spain?
16th November 1553
27
When did Mary dissolve parliament after it passed an act restoring her?
5th December 1553
28
When did Mary relinquish the title of Supreme Head of the English Church?
5th December 1553
29
When was Wyatts rebellion?
January 1554
30
When was Wyatt arrested?
7th February 1554
31
When was Lady Jane Grey executed?
12th February 1554
32
When was Elizabeth imprisoned in the tower and interrogated for a week?
12th February 1554
33
When was Wyatt executed?
11th April 1554
34
When did Mary free Elizabeth?
22nd May 1554
35
When did Mary marry Philip?
25th July 1554
36
When did Cardinal Pole reunite the English and Roman Catholic churches?
28th November 1554
37
When did Mary have her first major harvest failure?
September 1555
Mary is unlucky because she faces many poor harvests
38
When were bishops Latimer and Ridley burned at the stake in oxford?
16th October 1555
39
When did Stephen Gardiner, the Bishop of Winchester, die?
November 1555
40
When was Cranmer deprived of Archbishopric?
13th November 1555
41
When was Cardinal Pole made Archbishop of Canterbury?
December 1555
42
When was Sir Henry Dudley arrested after the plot to place Elizbaeth on the throne?
18th March 1556
43
When was Cranmer burned at the stake in Oxford?
21st March 1556
44
When was Pole consecrated Archbishop?
22nd March 1556
45
When was the worst harvest of the century?
September 1556
46
When was Cardinal Pole recalled to Rome to face heresy charges, although Mary refused to let him go?
June 1557
47
When was their widespread plague and flu?
July 1557
48
When was Calais lost to the French?
7th January 1558
49
When did Mary and Cardinal Pole die?
17th November 1558
50
What problems were associated with Mary's gender?
- Believed that women were weak rulers as there had not been a precedent for a strong female ruler,matilda.
- Worries that a woman would be unable to control faction
- Mary had to get married but she was unsure eho to get married to. Edward Courtenay was backed by Gardiner and Philip was backed by Paget
-
51
Who backed the marriage of Mary to Edward Courtenay?
Gardiner
52
Who backed the marriage of Mary to Philip?
Paget
53
When was Mary's royal marriage treaty approved?
January 1554, this was to be the cause of Wyatts rebellion
54
Give examples of clashes between Paget and Gardiner
- Clashed because of Mary's marriage.
- Clashed because of the revival of the heresy laws.
Paget encouraged Lord's to vote against Gardiners attempt to reinstall the heresy laws, but months later when a very similar bill was passed, Paget supported it.
55
Who was Cardinal Pole?
Papal legate, the popes representative, and Mary's most trusted advisor
56
( details in book) What 4 phases can religious change during Edwards reign be split into?
- 1547 Attack on Catholicism.
- 1548 Lack of official doctrine, but a period of uncontrolled radical Protestant activity
- 1549- 1552 establishment of protestant worship
- 1553 establishment of a fully reformed church
57
What happened in 1547 in terms of edward's religious policy?
Attack on Catholicism
- Royal visitations began in april, where visitations were sent to make sure religious practices were being carried out correctly in churches.
July 1547- Book of Homilies and Erasmus' paraphrases to be placed in each church.
- By 1549, Erasmus's Paraphrases had been placed in most churches.
December 1547- Chantries Act, which condemned all prayers for the dead.
December 1547- Act of 6 articles repealed, removed Catholic doctrine.
July 1547- Royal injunctions, bible to be placed in each church
58
When did Edward repeal the treason Act?
In December 1547
59
What happened when Edward repealed the treason act in December 1547?
- Old heresy, treason, and censorship laws were removed, so religion could be freely discussed.
- Protestant pamphlets attacked the Mass and Catholicism in general.
60
When were proclamations issued to dampen Protestant unrest?
In 1548, whitewashing of churches and only licensed preachers could practice
61
When was the first prayer book?
December 1548 and it was written by Cranmer.
62
What did the 1548 book of common prayer state?
- services held in English
- Communion in both kinds
63
64
What did the January 1549 Act of uniformity do?
Made book of common prayer the official liturgy. Also allowed for transubstantiation to happen
65
How many years after the treason act of 1547 had been repealed was another treason act introduced?
3 years after
66
When was the second prayer book introduced by Edward?
In 1552. Very protestant and removed all traces of Catholicism. Loads suggests that by this point, the church had been 'fully reformed'
67
What were the terms of the 1552 prayer book?
- Very Protestant
- Vestments banned
- Calvinist ceremony
- Removal of all traces of Catholicism, with altars being replaced with more Protestant Communion tables.
68
What did the 1549 Western rebellion oppose?
The introduction of the new prayer book
69
When did Edward pass his second act of uniformity?
In April 1552. This enforced the 2nd prayer book and made it an offence to not attend Church of England Services.
70
What did the November 1552 black rubric state ?
That kneeling in communion was not idolatorous
71
How can we find out how successful Edward was in turning England into a Protestant country by 1553?
- looking at fines for not attending church after its compulsion by the 2nd act of uniformity
- Through observing Church wardens records on the numbers attending church
- Looking at wills, although these aren't a very good source if evidence as they were often written in Catholic style.
- Looking at whether or not there were follow up laws by Parliament
- Looking at punishments for heresy
- Reactions to mary
- How many fleet when mary became queen
72
What did Gardiner publish in February 1552 that attacked the second prayer book?
'' Confutatio Cavillationnum'
73
Is it true that in February 1550, Cranmer published 'Defence of the True and Catholic Doctrine'?
Yes
74
Is it true that the 42 articles were drawn up, but were never introduced due to Edward's death?
Yes
75
How many protestants went into exile when mary gained power?
800
76
Who was the Archbishop of Canterbury during Edward's reign?
Cranmer
77
What is an example of Edward having to pass follow up laws ?
Legislation regarding the removal of images was passed in July 1547, February 1548 and December 1548
78
Describe religious opposition during Edward's rule
Generally, there was a lack of opposition to Edward's attempted reformation. The main opposition was the Western rebellion, which was successfully suppressed in 1549. In terms of people, the main opposers were Stephen Gardiner and Edmund Bonner.
79
Who did Henry leave the throne to?
Edward, then Mary and her heirs, then Elizabeth and her heirs.
80
Did Henry's will confirm the order of succession, as originally set out in the Third Succession Act?
Yes
81
What is a personal monarchy?
Where the King had a great deal of influence, but much of his power depended on his presence, personality, and ability to convey power.
82
Why did Somerset's ignoring of the Regency Council and assumption of power have the potential to cause unrest?
Because it could encourage others to challenge Somerset's dominance.
83
Who did the rising anti-Somerset faction include?
- Northumberland, Paget, Wriothesly.
- Northumberland, because he wanted to advance his own power.
- Paget, because he was fed up with Somerset's mistakes and Somerset not following his advice.
- Wriothesley, because he opposed Somerset's religious changes.
84
What is some evidence of instability during Somerset's rule?
- Somerset had to crush many revolts.
- Lords and councillors were always trying to secretly overthrow Somerset.
- Warwick was leading the opposition against Somerset.
- There were publications of proclamations against Somerset.
85
Why didn't the removal of Somerset guarantee the triumph of Warwick?
- The council contained a majority of religious [Catholic] conservatives who did not trust Warwick.
- So Warwick had to bring in his own allies and remove opponents so that he had a Protestant majority on the council.
- In Early December, there was a Catholic plot to remove Warwick, using the argument that he was a friend of Somerset.
- By January 1550, the leading Catholic members of the Council, the earls of Arundel and Southampton, had been dismissed, and Warwick had been made Lord President of the Council.
- Warwick also placed his own supporters in important positions around Edward to further secure his position.
- However, these developments also forced Warwick to ally with the more religiously radical embers of the council, which later proved to impact religious developments.
86
Despite the accusations against Somerset, is it possible that some of the accusations weer fabricated in order to justify his execution i.e. personal reasons?
Yes
87
Who was the driving force behind the altering of the succession in 1553?
Northumberland, as he wanted to increase his power
88
Did Northumberland arrange the marriage of his son, Guildford Dudley, to Lady Jane Grey?
Yes
89
Why is there evidence to suggest that the attempts to alter the succession in 1553 were driven by Edward and not Northumberland?
- because Edward now had a greater role in government and was attending privy council meetings, and setting some agendas.
- this was due to Northumberland recognising Edward's skill and therefore becoming keen to involve him in government.
- also, Edward was committed to Protestantism and so in order to preserve religious reform, he may have wanted to exclude Mary, and Elizabeth because she had not yet married and so there was no guarantee that she'd have any heirs in the near future who would carry on a Protestant settlement.
- The plot was poorly managed and an experienced soldier like Northumberland would have ensured that there had been sufficient forces available to ensure control, but instead he had dismissed his professional force in 1552.
- Northumberland would have ensured that Mary was captured and unable to raise forces- instead, Mary managed to escape to East Anglia.
- Northumberland would have launched a Propaganda campaign to prepare the nation for success.
90
When was Lady Jane Grey proclaimed Queen?
10th of July 1553
91
Why did Northumberland see no other choice but to leave London and confront the challenge of Mary?
Because Mary had raised a large force
92
What was the problem with Northumberland leaving London to confron Mary?
- His departure gave members of the Privy Council the chance to reconsider their views, as they'd previously been forced to agree to the devise. Most of them soon declared for Mary.
93
Why was Northumberland forced to abandon his march towards Framlingham, Mary's base, and retreat to Cambridge, where he proclaimed Mary as Queen?
- because Northumberland had quickly lost a lot of support.
- Many men deserted, despite Northumberland raising their pay, and he failed to gain any further support along the way.
94
How many moths after the Lady Jane Grey affair did Wyatts rebellion occur?
Just 6 months after, may give further evidence in support of female rulers bringing political instability
95
is it true that plotting for Wyatts rebellion began as soon as there were rumours of marriage between Mary and Philip?
Yes
96
Who did Wyatts rebellion involve?
- Members of the politcal elite.
- Sir James Croft
- Sir Peter Carew
- Sir Thomas Wyatt
97
What is the common view over why Wyatts rebellion occured?
Due to fears over losing influence, due to the fear of replacement by Spaniards, who would potentially dominate court and government.
98
For Wyatt's rebellion, is it true that the initial plan was a 4-pronged rising based in Devon, Leicestershire, the Welsh borders, and Kent, but only the attack in Kent rose?
Yes, and this was due to poor planning and a lack of communication between the conspirators.
99
What may have been an underlying cause of Wyatt's rebellion?
Religion, as Wyatt and many other of the conspirators were committed Protestants
100
What did the conspirators of Wyatt's rebellion plan to do?
Marry Elizabeth to Courtenay and then put Elizabeth on the throne
101
During Wyatt's rebellion, despite being advised to leave London, did Mary leave?
No
102
Where were the rebels of Wyatts's rebellion finally stopped?
At Ludgate, where Wyatt surrendered
103
Is it true that only 2 of the leaders of Wyatt's rebellion weer executed?
Yes, Wyatt and the Duke of Suffolk
104
How many rebels were executed for treason following Wyatt's rebellion?
Around 90
105
What were Mary's religious aims?
- To return the English church and ex-monastic and chantry lands to the papacy (to Roman Catholicism).
- To remove heresy and enforce Catholic uniformity.
- To improve standards of preaching, pastoral care, and clerical behaviour (through the Counter reformation).
106
When were Archbishop Cranmer, Hugh Latimer, Nicholas Ridley, and John Rogers imprisoned?
September 1553
107
In Autumn 1553, why did Parliament refuse to repeal the Act of Supremacy?
Because they were worried about losing Monastic lands.
108
Under Mary, when did Parliament pass an act of repeal/
In Autumn 1553
109
What did the Autumn 1553 act of repeal do?
- Undid all of the Edwardian reformation.
- Revived mass
- Revived ritual worship
- revived clerical celibacy
110
When did Mary give up the title of Supreme Head of the Church of England?
December 1553
111
When did 800 Marian exiles flee the country?
January 1554
112
What religious action happened in March 1554?
- The royal injunctions were issued.
- Bishops were ordered to suppress heresy and remove married clergy.
113
What did Cardinal pole do when he returned to england in November 1554?
Parliament passed the 2nd act of repeal, which undid all anti-papal legislation since 1529.
114
When was Bonner's book of Homilies published?
In 1555
115
When did the burning of Heretics begin?
February 1555, and Rogers was the first to be burnt.
116
When were the heresy laws restored?
In January 1555
117
What did the heresy laws of January 1555 do?
They justified the burnings.
118
When did Mary and Cardinal Pole die?
17th November 1558
119
What is evidence of the counter reformation?
In January 1555, Mary tried to restore monasteries because they provided healthcare, poor support, and education.
- Chantries were restored.
- Seminary schools were opened, so that the quality of priests could be improved.
- In Autumn 1553, the Act of repeal undid all Edwardian legislation.
- In November 1554, a second Act of Repeal was passed, which undid all anti-papal legislation.
- In March 1554, the Royal injunctions were issued, which made bishops suppress heresy and removed married clergy.
- In 1555, Bonner's book of homilies was introduced.
120
What is evidence of religious persecution under Mary?
- In August 1553, many Protestant clergy were deprived of their livings.
- In September 1553, Archbishop Cranmer, Hugh Latimer, John Hooper, Nicholas Ridley, John Rogers, and other prominent Protestant figures were arrested,
- In March 1554, Bishop Gardiner began to deprive married priests of their livings. 10 - 25% of clergy were deprived for having married during Edward's rule,
- In April 1554, the Heresy laws were reintroduced and these justified the burnings.
- From February 1555, several protestants were burnt.
300 Catholics burnt in total
121
What is evidence that Mary's restoration of Catholicism was popular?
- Parliament opened with a sung mass, despite it still being illegal.
- An altar and cross were set up on the 23rd of August 1553 at St Nicholas Cole Abbey in London, and this was a Protestant heartland.
- The restoration of monasteries in 1555 was well-liked.
- Popular forms of Catholic worship were introduced, such as stained glass windows and idolatry.
- The restoration of chantries was popular amongst the rich.
- Seminary schools to improve the quality of priests.
- The book of homilies was well-supported because it aimed to improve the quality of religious services in england.
122
What is evidence that Mary's restoration of Catholicism was unpopular?
- 800 Marian exiles
- Burnings were unpopular and were criticised by Renard, the Spanish Ambassador, and Gardiner.
- Constant conflict over who owned the monastic lands.
- 1563- Foxe's Book of Martyr's
- March 1556- minor plot ,where Henry Dudley planned to put Elizabeth on the throne.
- February 1558- Knox published ''First Blast of the Trumpet Against the Monstrous Regiment of Women'.
123
What were the causes of the 1549 Western rebellion/prayer book rebellion?
- Religious grievances
- Economic- taxes
- Poverty
- Regional identity/language
- Class conflict (Cornwall was more hostile towards their gentry than most other parts of england)
124
What was the nature of the first set of aims of the 1549 Western rebellion?
Largely social and economic
125
What was the nature of the second set of aims of the 1549 Western rebellion?
More religious. Perhaps because it was hijacked by clergymen. Root problem likely socioeconomic problems.
126
William Body...
In 1547, william body was attacked for protestant sympathies and he was murdered the following year when he had to see to the destruction of images in churches.
127
Was enclosure a big issue in cornwall?
Yes, and the sheep tax was ineffective
128
Is it true that the second set of articles of the western rebellion called the 1549 religious settlement a 'christmas game' and wanted to return to Henry VIII's 6 articles ?
Yes
129
Western rebellion overall...
Overall, the western rebellion was not really serious.
The rebels just wanted to change religious policy, not overthrow the government.
The rebellion was eventually put down. Arundell was executed and 4,000 lives were lost.
130
When was Kett's rebellion?
1549
131
With Kett's rebellion, were enclosure and bad goverment bigger reasons than religion?
Yes
132
What were some of the proposed articles of the rebels in ketts rebellion?
- No lord should pasture animals on the commons
- Lower tax
133
What were the causes of Kett's rebellion?
- Enclosure!!!!
- Rents and inflation
- Somerset's leniency with the plight of the poor
- The want for more competent clergy.
134
Where did Kett's rebellion take place?
In East Anglia, a Protestant heartland
135
Did Northampton poorly manage Kett's rebblion?
Yes, he poorly negotiated with Kett, resulting in Kett recapturing Norwich from Northampton.
136
Who sucessfully put down Kett's rebellion?
- Northumberland
- He arrived outside Norwich on the 23rd of August with 12,000 men.
- On the 27th August, 3000 rebels were slaughtered and Kett was arrested.
- Kett was tried for treason and hanged on the 26th of November.
137
Kett's rebellion: 'we pray your grace that no lord of no manor shall common upon the commons'
138
Is it true that opposition to the restoration of monasteries in Parliament was more about factional rivalries between Gardiner and Paget than rejection of Marian religious policies?
Yes
139
What is papal legate?
The pope's representative in england
140
Who was Mary's Spanish ambassador?
Simon Renard, who became increasingly critical of the burnings
141
Describe faction:
fluid alliances based on powerful men and hence patronage
142
When did Northumberland become Lord President of the Council?
January 1550
143
When did Northumberland crush Kett's rebellion?
August 1549
144
In which parts of the country did the Western Rebellion take place?
Cornwall and Devon
145
Did the western rebellion rebels want a latin mass and a latin bible?
Yes
146
Is it true that in 1547, William Body had been attacked for Protestant sympathies?
Yes
147
Were Devon and Cornwall Catholic areas?
Yes
148
Is it true that in April 1548, when William Body returned to Cornwall to supervise the destruction of images, he was murdered?
Yes. The resulting punishment was the execution of 28 cornishmen.
149
What happened to what prices between 1547 and 1549?
Inflation had caused wheat prices between 1547 and 1549 to quadruple, which had an alarming impact on farming.
150
Carew replaced by Lord Russel in western rebellion
151
# Prayer Book/ Western Rebellion
Was Arundell tried for treason and then hanged, drawn and quartered in a public execution?
Yes
152
How many protesters lost their lives in the Western rebellion?
4,000
153
What was the most important cause of Kett's rebellion?
Enclosure :
Articles included 'no lord should pasture animals on the commons'.
154
What did Somerset do to act against enclosure?
He set up an enclosure commission and set up a sheep tax.
155
Were Kett's rebels protestant?>
Yes, and as well as the abolishment of enclosure, they also wanted better trained clergy
156
Did Northampton worsen negotiations during Kett's rebellion?
Yes, and Northumberland eventually had to put down the rebellion
157
What was the aftermath of Kett's rebellion?
- 49 executions took place
- Kett was tried for treason and hanged on 26th November 1549.
- Dealt with rather leniently
158
What were the causes of Kett's rebellion?
_ ENCLOSURE
- High rents and rack renting
- Rising food prices
- Inflation
159
Was East anglia a protestant heartland?
Yes
160
Kett's rebellion
- Initially, the rioters in Norfolk were angry at local lawyer, John Flowerdew, who had brought the local abbey and started to demolish it. He had also enclosed other land.
- Under the leadership of Kett, a force of 16,000 men was soon assembled and they marched towards Norwich and set up camp on the outskirts of Mousehold heath.
- The rebels soon seized Norwich, which was England's second largest city, and when the government sent out 14,000 troops under the leadership of Northampton, his force was defeated.
- Northumberland was then sent and this ultimately led to the massacre of some of the rebels just outside Norwich.
- While camping at Mousehold heath, the rebels drew up a wide range of demands which covered enclosure, religious greivances, class antagonism, rents, and inflation.
161
Why is the demands list from Kett's rebellion more useful than the one from the western rebellion?
Because we know who wrote the demands list for ketts rebellion
162
Who is blamed for the rebellions of 1549?
Somerset, loses support from Paget
163
Were all the major leaders of Wyatt's rebellion protestant?
Yes
164
Did Wyatt's rebellion lack support from the nobility?
Yes
165
Did leading protestants join wyatt's rebellion?
No
166
Why was Wyatt's rebellion serious?
- Had good leadership from Wyatt
- Wyatt had influence and military training
- High tariff of what it's trying to change
- Unfortunately though, not enough support from the nobility and Mary defended london well, garnered support with guildhall speech.
167
What was the aftermath of wyatts rebellion?
- 90 executed, including wyatt, duke of suffolk, lady jane grey, and her husband.
168
Is it true that Wyatt's rebellion happened before the marriage plans were published?
Yes, because it was expected that Mary would marry Philip
169
170
Is it true that under Somerset, there were 10 catholic bishops and only 8 protestant bishops?
Yes, but under Northumberland, Protestants were appointed to multiple sees.
171
Who were 2 high profile opposers to Edward's Protestant reformation?
Stephen Gardiner and Edmund Bonner
172
How much money did Somerset spend on war during his rule?
£1.3 million
173
Is it true that during his rule, Somerset sold crown lands worth £800,000?
Yes
174
