Apartheid and reconciliation 1948-1994 Flashcards
What does Apartheid translate to?
apartness
What is Apartheid?
The policy of separating people by race in South Africa.
What is Xhosa?
An ethnic group of black Africans from the south eastern area of south Africa
How do most Westerners pronounce Xhosa?
As kho-sah
How do the Xhosa’s talk in their language?
They use different sounds and clicks
What is Boer?
Boer is an Afrikaans word meaning farmer, it is used to describe dutch settlers.
What is an Afrikaner?
A white south african of dutch origin
When did the Afrikaner’s settle in South Africa?
In 1652
What is Bantu?
A name given to black people who moved to South Africa between AD 500 and AD1000. Later it was used by supporters of Apartheid to describe all black Africans.
Who are the Zulus?
The Zulu people are a Nguni ethnic group in Northern South Africa. They’re the largest ethnic group and nation in South Africa.
When did British people settle in South Africa?
In 1795
When did British people take over the South African government?
In 1806
Did the Dutch like the British control of South Africa?
No
What did the Dutch do because they didn’t like British control of South Africa?
They tried to settle outside of their control. This was called the Greta Trek
How many Zulus fought in the Great Trek?
10,000
How many Boers fought in the Great Trek?
500
How many Boers were killed in the Great Trek?
0
How many zulus were killed in the Great Trek?
3000
Why did the Boers victory in the Great Trek reinforce ideas about white supremacy?
Because the Boers believed that their victory over the Zulus was a sign from God that they were better than the zulus
What did part of the ‘Treaty of Vereeniging’ state?
That African voting rights were conditional on a white majority’s consent
Which group of people made the Treaty of Vereeniging?
The British and the Boers
What did President Hertzog do in 1924?
President Hertzog changed laws which meant that black people could only vote for a small selection of white men
What was the 1903 Lagden comission?
This was when the British commission reviewed the ‘Native problems’. The commission concluded that separating the races in south Africa is the best solution
What was the 1913 Native Land Act
HINT OWNING OR RENTING LANDS OUTSIDE OF RESERVES
This was where Black people were prevented from owning or renting land outside newly made reserves (or tribal homelands). These made up 7% of South Africa
What was the 1936 Native Land Act?
This act stated that when reserves began to get overcrowded, more land would be made into reserves.
What was the 1923 Urban areas act?
HINT DISORDERLY
Where local authorities in urban areas were given the right to declare black workers as ‘idle or disorderly’. This meant that they were deported to reserves
What was the 1911 Mines and workers act?
Skilled jobs were reserved for Boer workers. In 1925 and 1926, further laws were added to discriminate against Africans in the work place.
The 1911 Pass laws
In most areas blacks are required to carry a pass which states their employment and the areas they’re allowed in. Anyone outside their designated area could be arrested.
What was Broederband? (1920’s)
A secretive group of middle and lower class Afrikaners who wanted to preserve the Afrikaans language and culture. Groups would meet regularly and had lots of influence on politics and power
What happened in December 1838?
-Andries pretorius led an attack on the Zulus.
-In the evening, the Afrikaners made a camp in a circle of waggons on the bank of the Ncome river.
-The next day at dawn a Zulu army of 10,000 launched an attack.
Why were 3000 Zulus left dead at the battle of the blood river?
Because their shields and assegais were no match for guns and cannons
Did the Zulus lose any men in the battle of the blood river?
No
Why did the Battle of the Blood river have this as a name?
Because the water had been stained with so much zulu blood
What is a covenant?
A solemn promise made between God and a group of people in the bible stories
Whose journal talks about the covenant?
What did President Kruger declare in 1880?
What monument was built in 1938?
How many afrikaners attended the laying of the foundation stone of the voortrekker monument?
Who challenged the idea of the covenant in 1979?
What does ANC stand for?
African national congress
When did the ANC start?
1912
Why did the ANC start?
-Because black people were dissatisfied with the South Africa act of 1910 that established the union of South Africa
-They were also unhappy with their treatment after the South African war
-They were also unhappy with numerous laws that controlled and restricted black movement and labour
When the ANC formed, who was it initially for?
The educated elites eg, lawyers, newspaper editors, Xhosa poets
What did the black educated elites of South Africa feel about the British?
They felt that the British had brought good things like education and law but that their careers were limited because of racism
What did the ANC do at the treaty of Versailles?
They sent a delegation to protest against inequality in South Africa
Who was the new ANC president in 1940?
Dr Xuma
Who wanted to expand the role of the ANC and work with like-minded organisations like the Indian national Congress?
Dr xuma
Who believed that the ANC should move away from petitioning for legal change towards a policy of non cooperation?
Dr xuma
When was the congress youth league set up?
In 1944
Who set up the 1944 congress youth league?
Nelson Mandela, Walter sisulu and Anton lembede
In 1943 women were allowed to be….
full members of the ANC
When was the ANC women’s Wing set up?
In 1948 under ida mntwana
When did the ANC organise large scale boycotts of buses?
In 1940 and in 1944
Who founded the Bantu women’s league ?
Charlotte Maxeke
Who was the first black South African woman to graduate from university?
Charlotte Maxeke
Where was Charlotte Maxeke educated?
In the USA and was a teacher until she became an activist and one of the first black South Africans to struggle for rights for women
What happened in march 1912?
A group of black and coloured women from the orange free state sent a petition against passes signed by 5000 people to prime minister Louis botha
Who was the prime minister of South Africa in 1912?
Louis Botha
Why did the Bantu women’s league organise violent protests in 1913?
Because their petition against the assignment of passes was met with no response
Where did the 1913 violent protests take place?
In Bloemfontein, the capital of orange free state
What did the violent protests against passes in 1913 involve?
Women ripping up and burning their passes
What did the 1913 protest result in?
A relaxing of pass laws against women and for 40 years they did not have to carry passes
What happened in May 1918?
-Black workers across the country went on strike against low wages, poor houses and passes for men.
-Many of the protestors were arrested and imprisoned and local governments took little notice
What did the Communist party of South Africa launch in 1943?
An anti pass campaign
What did labour activist Josie Palmer do in march 1944?
begin the women’s anti pass conference in Johannesburg
What did the 1945 urban areas consolidation act do?
It further limited the freedoms of black South Africans
What happened at the 1947 international women’s Day meeting?
-The Communist party of South Africa decided to launch a ‘non colour bar womens organisation’.
-Hence, the Transvaal all womens union was born, changing its name to the union of South African women in 1949.
Who set up the Natal Indian congress ?
Gandhi
When did Gandhi set up the Natal Indian congress ?
In 1894
What was the aim of the Natal Indian congress?
To protest against discrimination against Indians using passive resistance
How did the 1945 ghetto act affect Indians?
It restricted Indian land ownership
How did the Natal Indian congress react to the 1945 ghetto act?
They set up a passive resistance council to organise a large passive resistance campaign between 1945-1949. However, it had little impact in changing the legislation
Although coloured South Africans were discriminated, who were they treated better than?
African people and they were mainly happy with their position in society
What did the industrial commercial workers Union organise?
Strikes eg. In 1920, 70,000 miners in 21 mines walked off their jobs to dispute pay and treatment
How many members did the African mineworkers union have in 1943?
25,000
What happened with the AMWU IN 1946?
They went on strike and 73000 men stopped work across various cities to demand higher pay. The police crushed the protest and 12 people were shot dead
When was the South African war?
1899–1902
Who founded the national party in 1914?
J.B.M Hertzog
Which people in South Africa did J.B.M Hertzog favour?
Afrikaners
What policies did J.B.M Hertzog favour?
policies of South African freedom from British control and dual-medium education in Afrikaans and English, and he encouraged bilingualism among civil servants.
When was J.B.M Hertzog prime minister of South Africa?
from 1924 - 1939
What was J.B.M Hertzog’s position on South Africa joining WW2?
He fiercely opposed South Africa joining Britain in the war because he remembered the horrors Britain put them through during the Boer war
What language did Hertzog want South Africans to teach?
Although he opposed the British he wanted people to be able to speak both English and the Afrikaans
When was the south African war?
11 October 1899 – 31 May 1902
When was the first Boer war (where south Africans were treated badly by the British)?
16 December 1880 – 23 March 1881
Where did Jan Smuts study law?
In Christs College, Cambridge. He is thought to be one of the most brilliant law students Cambridge ever had
What was Jan Smuts role in WW1?
He was a general
What years did Jan Smuts stay in England?
Between 1891 and 1895
When was the first time Jan Smuts was the prime minister of south Africa?
Between 1919 and 1924
When was the second time Jan Smuts was the prime minister of South Africa?
between 1939 and 1948
What was Jan Smuts position on South Africa joining the war in WW2?
he supported it and declared his support for Britain as soon as war broke out and declared war on Germany.
What was Jan Smuts ancestry?
Mainly Dutch
Where did Jan Smuts grow up?
on a farm in the cape colony
What was Jan Smuts main role in WW2?
Preventing Germany and Italy from conquering northern Africa
Was Jan Smuts involved in the 2nd Boer war?
Yes[1899-1902]
Who represented South Africa at the 1945 San Francisco conference, where the charter of the united nations was drafted?
Jan Smuts
When did Dr Daniel F Malan get his doctorate in divinity?
in 1905.
Dr Daniel F Malan joined the ministry of the…
Dutch Reformed Church (the traditional Afrikaner church)
What did Daniel F Malan do in 1924?
he joined Hertzog’s Cabinet as minister of the interior.
What happened when Hertzog’s National Party merged with Jan Smuts’ South African Party in 1933?
Malan left the government
What party did Daniel F Malan found in 1934?
the Purified National Party, which became the official opposition.
What was D.F Malan’s role in 1939?
Leader of the opposition – National Party
What was DF Malan’s position on South Africa joining WW2?
he voted to keep SA out of WW2
Who were the the Ossewabrandwag?
Anti-British and pro-German organisation in South Africa during World War II, which opposed South African participation in the war. Founded in 1938. By 1941, its membership had risen to approximately 350,000.
When was DF Malan the prime minister of South Africa?
1948-1954
What did the Ossewabrandwag do?
During World War II the Stormjaers carried out sabotage within South Africa as a protest against Jan Smuts’ United Party government.. They were similar to the Nazi stormtroopers
How many South Africans fought in the army during WW2?
300,000
How many of the South Africans that fought in WW2 were Black?
115,000
As black South Africans weren’t allowed to be armed, what did they do instead of fighting?
They worked as labourers, stretcher bearers etc
Between 1939 ad 1945, why was there more black than white south Africans in urban areas for the first time?
Because they were needed to fill the gap in industry that was created due to white south Africans fighting in ww2
By what percentage did the number of people employed in the manufacturing industry increase by between 1939 and 1945?
60%
What is the estimated cost of South Africa’s war effort?
£600 million
What was on the rise during 1940’s?
Political and social resistance campaigns that were initiated by black people, Indian people and coloured people
Why did bus boycotts take place in South Africa in the 1940’s?
Because of the increased bus fares in a time of extreme poverty
During WW2, where did black people move to?
towns and they lived in squatter communities
When was the Ossewabrandwag formed?
in 1938
How many people were in the ossewabrandwag?
between 200,00 and 400,000 people
What are some examples of sabotage carried out by the ossewabrandwag?
Dynamiting post offices , dynamiting railway lines and cutting telephone wires
did the ANC support the war effort?
Yes
Who led the nationalist party in South Africa?
Dr Daniel Malan
What rules did the nationalist party highlight in the Sauer report about enforcing apartheid?
-Black people would live in reserves, completely separate from the whites. Those with jobs in white areas would be classed as visitors
-Coloured people would also have to live separately and would lose what remained of their political rights
-Indians would be sent back to India
-Whites would rule and blacks would be kept under control
What did Govan Mbeki, a leading member of the ANC, say with regards to the nationalist party being elected?
‘we wake up one morning and we are told that Malan has won the election. And that meant the door was shut in our faces’.
When did the national party come to power ?
In 1948
What was the reaction of Oliver Tambo, leader of the ANC youth league, to the nationalists victory?
he said ‘‘i like this because it is going to give further momentum to the resistance movement. We now know that we have an enemy in power… I think that we are going to have a better opportunity of mobilising our people’’
Why did the Nationalist party come to power?
-Because they promised to reverse the poverty that the second world war had bought to South Africa
-Because they promised to put down black resistance
-White workers felt as if black people had taken their jobs when they returned from the war and the nationalist party promised to give them their jobs back
-Malan talked about the danger of the ‘black threat’ to jobs, law and order and housing
- For white farmers, a supply of cheap black labour was promised
- For white industrialists, a more ‘flexible’ apartheid was promised, with blacks allowed, under strict controls, to leave the reservations temporarily to work in the cities
- Malan managed to unite all whites
Why did Smuts united party lose a lot of support after WW2?
-people believed that it was incapable of dealing with the post-war problems
- on top of this, many had not wanted to join the war in the first place
-people also felt that Smuts lacked a clear policy on how to deal with black people and segregation.
Why did poor whites turn to the purified national party?
because Malan blamed blacks for white poverty and called for strict segregation.
did the national part want to support mission churches?
yes, so long as they didn’t oppose apartheid
did bantus and coloured people have equal voting rights to white people?
No, and they could only be represented by white senators in parliament
Did the national party disallow Indians from entering South Africa?
Yes
What happened to Indians who were already in South Africa before the national party was elected?
They underwent the policy of apartheid and had to have separate residential areas
Describe the mixed marriages act and the immortality act of 1949
Mixed marriages and sexual relationships were disallowed and white people could be put in prison for disobeying those acts. However, the punishments were most severe for members of other racial groups.
Describe the 1950 population registration act
This act stated that every South African had to be classified into a racial group- white, coloured or native. The category of Asian was introduced in 1959.
Describe the 1950 group areas act
This act designated particular areas to certain ethnic groups. Members of other ethnic groups in these areas were required to leave and this act particularly affected black South Africans who were originally living in urban areas
What did the 1950 suppression of communism act state?
That communism equated to unrest and that if the government suspected a communist as being up to no good, then they could be arrested. Organisations and individuals that were communist could be banned for many years for contacting other communist organisations or individuals. This resulted in many communists being put under house arrest.
Describe the 1951 bantu authorities act
This law meant that Africans were only entitled to live in their ‘tribal reserves’ and these tribal reserves were governed by tribal leaders who were designated by the government
Describe the 1952 pass laws act
Although existing passes were abolished, they were consequently replaced with reference books which Africans had to carry at all times
What did the 1953 bantu education act state?
That the education of Africans was to include a curriculum based on the limited skills Africans needed to function as a reservoir of cheap labour. Africans were also educated separately from white people.
Describe the 1953 separate amenities act
That public facilities were to be segregated and facilities for different races did not need to be equal
What did the 1953 native Labour act state?
That it was illegal for Black South Africans to strike under any circumstances. It also didn’t legally recognise trade unions
What did the 1953 criminal law amendment act state?
That civil disobedience was punishable by a 3 year prison sentence
describe the 1953 public safety act
-This act empowered the government to declare stringent states of emergency and increased penalties for protesting against the law or supporting the repeal of a law.
-This act was passed in response to civil disobedience
campaigns by the ANC.
describe the 1955-1956 censorship acts
they stated that any criticisms on south Africa in reports and literature would be censored before being imported into south Africa.
describe the 1954 Natives Resettlement Act
This law empowered the Government to remove Africans from any area within and next to the magisterial district of Johannesburg.
describe the 1956 Separate Representation Amendment Act
that coloured people were removed from the common voters roll in the cape.
describe the 1959 Bantu Self-Government Act
This set up 8 self-governing homelands in which black people were made to be citizens.
these homelands were consequently removed from South African statistics. This act helped to provide a key for grand apartheid.
describe the 1959 University Education Act
English-language universities were banned from accepting African students. 3 new strictly segregated colleges were opened for coloured, indian and zulu students, and another for africans in transvaal.
Which places were evacuated and demolished because of the group areas act?
Places like Sophiatown and District Six
What were the limitations of the 1950 group areas act?
In many cases, different races already lived separately so many were unaffected. Added to Native Land Acts.
When was the south African native lands act passed?
in 1913
How many Africans were displaced between 1951 and 1986?
3.5 million people and 1 million of these people were deported from urban to tribal areas
How many schools were mission schools in 1945?
4360
What percentage of the people at mission schools were black?
90%
By 1967, what was the ratio of students to teachers?
By 1967, what was the ratio of students to teachers?
What was the ratio of students to teachers by 1967?
58:1
What different forms of resistance were there prior to 1948?
-The work of the ANC
-Anti pass law demonstrations and the role of women
-Indian communities
-Coloured communities
- Mineworkers
-The role of the communist party
What was the ANC youth league?
A more radical group than the ANC who fought segregation by organising boycotts, strikes and other defiance tactics
How many participants of the defiance campaign were arrested over the 6 mo nths it took place?
8,500
How many people attended the initial inaugral meeting of the defiance Campaign in Durban?
Over 10,000 people
What was the 1949 ANC programme of action?
This programme was launched by the ANC youth league and it called for democracy and the end of racism through boycotts, work stoppages, mass action, miner strikes and even a day called ‘Freedom Day’, where workers stayed home and business business closed as many gathered for a day of prayer.
When was the Defiance Campaign?
During June of 1952
How long did the Defiance Campaign last?
Around 6 months
What happened during the Defiance Campaign?
Many minority groups partook in various acts of Defiance, including going into areas without passes and using privileges reserved for only white people. Protestors wanted to be arrested to show that the authorities would be incapable of coping with the weight of opposition to Apartheid
What was the Federation of South African women?
A women’s movement who created a ‘women’s charter’ which called for the equality of men and women of all races
What happened during the anti-pass demonstrations of the 1950’s?
Passes were burned by the ANC women’s league
What did the communist party do as acts of resistance before 1948?
Fight against racism and the class system, however they didn’t agree with african nationalism
What did the Liberal Party do before 1948 as resistance?
They consisted of white people who didn’t agree with African nationalism
What was the black sash?
An organisation of white, mainly middle class women , who worked to help black women in difficulties over the pass laws and other apartheid restrictions
What did the Criminal law amendment act do?
-It subjected protestors to whipping and up to 5 years imprisonment.
-It Was passed after the Defiance Campaign took place, which suggests that the government saw the defiance Campaign as an imminent threat
How much did membership of the ANC increase after the Defiance Campaign?
From 7,000 to 100,000+
When was the Freedom charter signed?
In 1955
Who created the Freedom Charter?
The Congress of the people
Where was the Freedom charter created?
In Kliptown
Who took part in the Freedom Charter?
Various different delegates, including members of the ANC and others who wanted more freedom
During the Defiance Campaign did protestors go into areas without passes and use ammenities reserved for white people?
Yes
What were the key points of the freedom charter?
A democratic, non-racial, non sexist, free South Africa, where everyone is equal
What happened 18 months after the signing of the Freedom Charter?
156 leading members of the Congress Alliance were charged with high treason and many leaders were placed under banning orders and were in entangled in court battles for several years
How many different organisations were involved with the Freedom Charter?
Over 200
How many people were involved with the freedom charter?
3000
How many Indians were involved with the Freedom Charter?
320
How many Coloured people were involved with the Freedom Charter?
230
How many white people were involved with the Freedom Charter?
112
How many Africans were involved with the Freedom Charter?
2300
Is it true that people disliked the idea of Communism that featured in the Freedom Charter?
yes
When did the Treason Trial take place?
Between 1956 and 1961
What happened in South Africa on the 5th of December 1956?
156 men and women were arrested for high treason. Of these 156 people, 105 were black Africans, 23 were white, 21 were Indian and 7 were coloured. These people were accused of conspiring to overthrow the government and replace it with a Communist regime
Why was the Treason Trial an embarrassment to the government?
Because they had to withdraw 65 charged, including one against ANC president Albert Luthuli. This is because there wasn’t enough evidence to charge them. Those accused were released from prison on bail, but banned from all political activity.
Why did Robert Sobukwe help form the PAC?
Because he disagreed with the integrationist approach of the ANCYL and was a firm supporter of Africanism
What is an integrationist?
Someone who believes that all races, including white people, should be involved in the fight against Apartheid
Why did the PAC reject the Freedom charter?
because it rejected the idea of equal rights for whites, whom they accused of exploiting and oppressing black Africans
Did the PAC believe that Africans could only work successfully by themselves?
Yes, as they believed in Africanism. This was the idea that Black Africans and their culture should dominate in South Africa.
When was the PAC formed?
In April 1959
How many people did the PAC consist of when it was first formed?
400
What was the manifesto of the PAC?
“The African people will not tolerate the existence of other national groups within the confines of one nation.”
When was the PAC outlawed?
In 1960, by the 1960 Unlawful Organisations Act
Did the PAC oppose communism?
Yes
What was the key difference between the ANC and the PAC?
The ANC believed that all ethnic groups could participate in the struggle against Apartheid. The PAC believed that only black Africans could play a role in the struggle against Apartheid.
Who was Potlako leballo?
A radical Africanist who succeeded Sobukwe as leader of the PAC
By the end of 1959, how much did the PAC exceed the membership of the ANC by?
25000
Did the PAC see itself as a rival to the ANC?
Yes and it always sought to one up the ANC in the leadership of Anti- Apartheid activities, e.g the Sharpeville Massacre in March 1961
What does the PAC stand for?
The Pan- Africanist Congress
Was the Freedom charter the basis of the1996 constitution?
Yes
When was the sharpeville Massacre?
Monday 21st March 1960
Why did the protest in Sharpeville happen?
Because PAC leader Robert Suwake wanted to organise a protest about the pass laws.
How did the Sharpeville protest turn violent?
The police initially fired a shot because they thought that a policeman had been injured by the protestors. However, the police then continued to fire shots.
Did mass protests increase after the Sharpeville massacre?
Yes
What did the State of emergency after the Sharpeville massacre deem anti-apartheid protests as?
illegal
Which law was passed after the Sharpeville Massacre?
The 1960 Unlawful Organisations Act
What did the 1960 Unlawful Organisations Act state?
That anti apartheid groups were banned
How many people died in the sharpeville massacre?
69
How many people were injured in the Sharpeville massacre?
187
Describe the events of the Sharpeville massacre
On Monday the 21st March 1960, a crowd estimated between 5000 and 20000 gathered outside the police station at Sharpeville. They were peacefully protesting about having to carry passes and demanding to be arrested for not carrying them. The police refused to arrest them because it was impratical to do so. As the morning went on, several more police officers joined . Soon after, the shootings began and it was hard to regain control of the situation.
How many participants of the defiance campaign were arrested over the 6 mo nths it took place?
8,500
Did Sharpeville have a history of protestors clashing with the police?
Yes
When the state of emergency was passed on the 30th of march 1960 how many people were arrested?
10,000 people. 2000 people were arrested within the first few days
Was Nelson mandela arrested after the sharpeville massacre?
Yes, despite still being in the Treason Trial
44
When was Mk formed?
On the 16th of December 1961
What does MK stand for?
uMkhonto we Sizwe
What does uMkhinto mean?
Spear of the nation
Who led MK?
Leaders of the ANC, like Nelson mandela, and the leaders of the South Africam communist Party, like Joe Slovo
Why was MK created?
Because the ANC and the SACP realised that non violent forms of resistance weren’t effective and often met with violence, as proven by the Sharpeville Massacre.
Why was Albert Luthuli sceptical about the formation of MK at first?
Because he had a strong commitment to non violence. However, he agreed that making the MK a separate organisation to the ANC would be a good idea.
How did Mk carry through its aim of ending Apartheid?
By carrying out acts of sabotage. i.e railways and government offices
Did Mk aim to avoid the loss of life?
Yes
What did the Mk do when it initially began its campaign on the 16th of December 1961?
Bombings were carried out in government buildings in Durban and Port Elizabeth, including an electricity substation
What happened in the consequent 18 months after MK was formed?
200 attacks by Mk took place, including attacks on government buildings
What was Poqo?
An armed wing of the PAC, who were aggressive, violent, and made no attempt at avoiding loss of life. Poqo was the most anti-white underground movement of its time
What does ‘Poqo’ literally mean?
‘pure’ or ‘alone’
Who led Poqo?
PAC leaders, such as Potlako Leballo
Why was Poqo created?
Poqo was created in response to the injustices black people faced in South Africa and also because of the PAC protestors who were killed at the Sharpeville Massacre
What were the aims of Poqo?
To target policemen, informers, and white people, in an attempt to destabilise the country. That way, they thought they could form a South Africa entirely for themselves
In what year was Poqo formed?
In early 1961
What was the assault on the white settlement of Paarl?
When on the 22nd of November 1962, a mob of 250 supporters armed with axes and homemade weapons attacked the police station and brutally hacked 2 young white people to death
How was repression increasing before Rivonia?
-Public meetings were prohibited
- the ANC and PAC were banned as unlawful organisations
- the ‘General Laws Amendment Act’ was passed 1963 (90 days act)
-the ‘Sabotage Act’ of 1962 was passed
What was the maximum punishment for sabotage in the 1960’s?
Hanging
What was the minimum punishment for sabotage in the 1960’s?
5 years imprisonment
Why was Mandela arrested in August 1962?
Because the government charged him with incitement to strike and travelling abroad without a passport. He was sentenced to 5 years in prison without parole
While Mandela was in prison on Robben Island, where did the South African security forces raid?
The Liliesleaf farm on the 11th of July 1963
What happened when the government raided the Liliesleaf farm on the 11th of July 1963?
They found MK operatives, weapons, and over 250 incriminating documents.
What was the aftermath of the Liliesleaf farm being raided in Rivonia?
- Mandela was accused of many things, including the incitement to cause violent revolution- this was a capital offence.
- The Rivonia trial took place in October 1963 and the defendants, key leaders of the ANC and Mk including Nelson Mandela, were sentenced to life imprisonment on Robben Island.
What was the UN’s response to the outcome of the Rivonia trial?
The UN called for the defendants to be released
What did the unimprisoned ANC leaders do following the Rivonia Trial?
They went into exile and regrouped and reorganised abroad.
What did Mandela say in his 4 hr speech during the Rivonia Trial?
He admitted that he belonged to both the ANC and Mk and justified the ANC struggle against Apartheid.
What is a good quote to use from Mandela’s Rivonia Trial speech?
‘Above all, we want equal political rights, because without them our disabilities will be permanent. I know this sounds revolutionary to the whites in the country, because the majority of voters will be Africans. This makes the white man fear democracy’.
Was Verwoerd bothered by the international protests against the outcome of the Rivonia Trial?
No
What did dockworkers in several countries threaten to do after the outcome of the Rivonia Trial?
Refuse to handle South African goods in the ports
What did new leader of the Communist Soviet Union, Lenoid Brezhnev, threaten to do after the outcome of the Rivonia Trial?
called for clemency, alongside US congressmen and British MP’s
Did 50 British MP’s lead a protest march in London after hearing of the outcome of the Rivonia Trial?
Yes
What happened to Chief Luthuli following the outcome of the Rivonia Trial?
He was put under house arrest and found it difficult to contact his colleagues
Did Oliver Tambo go into exile following the Rivonia Trial?
Yes
Did SACP activist Joe Slovo go into exile following the Rivonia Trial?
Yes
What did the 1963 General Laws Amendment Act/90 Days Act mean?
That it was easy to detain political opposition for long periods of time
Who became the leader of the ANC after the Rivonia Trial?
Oliver Tambo
Who became the leader of MK after the Rivonia Trial?
Joe Modise
In which election did Verwoerd increase his majority?
In the 1958 election
When Verwoerd held an election in 1960 about South Africa becoming a Republic, what percentage of South Africa voted in favour of this?
52%
What were the aftermaths of South Africa becoming a republic in 1960?
- The Queen was removed as Head of State and replaced by a State president
- The Rand - a new currency- was also brought in
When was Verwoerd assassinated and by who?
In 1966 by a parliamentary messenger of Greek origin
Who replaced Verwoerd?
Vorster
Before Vorster became prime minister, who was he?
Minister of Justice
Did police power increase during Voster’s rule?
Yes
Which prime minister passed the 1967 Terrorism Act?
Vorster
What did the 1967 Terrorism Act state ?
That prisoners could be held indefinitely without tria
What was the new police headquarters that opened in 1968 in Johannesburg called?
John Vorster Square
Which South African prime minister established the Bureau of State Security?
Vorster’s government
What does BOSS stand for?
Bureau of State Security
What did the Bureau of State Security do?
It coordinated the the activities of the Security branch of the police and the military intelligence of the Defence Force
When was the State Security Council established?
In 1972
What does SSC stand for?
State Security Council
What did the State Security Council do?
It advised the Prime Minister on the security of the country
Quiet 60s
When was the Bantu Homelands Citizenship Act passed?
In 1970
When under Vorster’s rule was there serious workers strikes?
In 1973
When was the Afrikaans Medium Decree passed?
In 1974
What did the Afrikaans Medium Decree trigger ?
The 1976?
What did the Afrikaans Medium Decree trigger ?
The 1976 Soweto Uprising
When did Transkei become the first independent homeland?
1976
How many people were killed in 1977 due to Vorster’s police brutality ?
14 (in custody)
When was Steve Biko killed ?
In 1977
How much did South Africa’s economy grow during the 60’s?
By 5% each year
What did South Africa’s economic growth in the 60’s lead to?
An increase in manufacturing work and agriculture and so there was a much higher demand for Africans in these industries.
Did funding for townships increase during the 60’s?
Yes
How much did the number of Africans in white collar jobs increase during the 60’s?
From 75,000 in 1951 to 420,000 in 1975
What are white collar jobs?
Clerical, technical, and administrative jobs
How did the increase in the number of Africans in white collar jobs help Africans?
Because the number of middle-class Africans grew. The African population also grew by 4 million across the 60’s due to the per person income increasing by 23%
During the 60’s, did advertisers and manufacturers begin to appeal more to the Black African market?
Yes
Who benefited the most financially during the 60’s - black people or white people?
White people
How did white people benefit more than black people during the 60’s?
Because the income of white people was 12x that of Africans.
Did cars become a symbol of white status and wealth during the 60’s?
Yes
When was Drum magazine created?
During 1951
What did Drum magazine talk about?
It regularly reported on Apartheid stories and social stories, and it focused on African fashion icons
Did the number of Africans being forcibly removed double or triple between 1962 and 1967?
It doubled
Did an increasing number of homelands become independent during the 60’s ?
Yes
By 1983, what was the estimated percentage of people in homelands who were living in poverty?
80%
When was the South African oil crisis?
in 1973
Why did the 1973 oil crisis cause strikes?
Because the oil crisis resulted in inflation and this made life very difficult financially for South Africans- particularly Black South Africans
Why did loads of strikes take place in Durban?
Because Durban had over 165,000 African industrial workers
When was the Bantu Labour Regulations Amendment Act passed?
In July 1973
What did the Bantu Labour Regulations Amendment Act do?
It granted Africans direct legal rights in wage negotiations for the first time. Strikes were also legalised and factories could elect committee representatives to negotiate with employers.
What did the 1979 Industrial Conciliation Amendment Act do?
It allowed South Africans to form trade unions
Were the workers successful at protesting?
Yes, because they got everything they wanted- the ability to negotiate pay, the ability to strike, and the ability to join trade unions
In what year was Verwoerd minister of Native Affairs?
1955
When was the first assassination attempt against Verwoerd?
In 1960
Which act first outlined the idea of Homelands/Bantustans?
The 1951 Bantu Authorities Act
When was the 1951 Bantu Authorities Act made official?
In the 1959 Bantu Self Government Act
T/F : Verwoerd set up the idea of homelands in 1951 and continued this idea when he was prime minster
T
What were the 10 Bantustans?
Bophuthatswana, Ciskei, Gazankula, kaNgwane, kwaNdebele, kwaZulu, lebowa, Qwaqwa, Transkei, and Vends
Where were the 10 Bantustans located?
In rural areas- away from the capital and close to South Africa’s border
When was kwaZulu created?
in 1972
When was Transkei created?
in 1959
When was Lebowa created?
in 1971
When was Bophuthatswana created?
in 1968
What was life like in the homelands?
- Conditions were very poor
- There were little employment options, mainly farming , so Africans often had to leave the homelands in search of jobs i.e mining
What did living in a Bantustan do to the rights of a person?
They lost a lot of their political rights and they couldn’t vote. Black South Africans also weren’t considered as citizens of South Africa anymore.
Why was TV banned in South Africa in 1976?
To prevent white people from coming into contact with other races. In the case that TV was allowed, it was strictly censored
What rights did Section 6 of the 1967 Terrorism Act give to the police?
The police were given the authority to indefinitely detain anyone suspected of terrorist activities or anyone suspected of supporting them
What were some key limitations of the government’s attempt to to create separation between races?
-Teenagers tuned into foreign radio stations to try and listen to Western music.
-In Transkei, the idea of a self-governing nation was opposed and hence, failed. Independence in other homelands also failed.
-Opposition to homeland development became more violent and militant
- In many cases, Black South Africans still needed to leave the homelands for work e.g to work in the mines
-Conditions in homelands were terrible - they were overcrowded, pverty stricken and disease ridden
Draw the timeline of Homelands Development in South Africa
- In 1948, the National Party came into power and promoted and Apartheid regime with stricter racial segregation
- In 1951, the Bantu Authority Act was passed- this is where the idea of homelands was first outlined
- In 1958, Verwoerd became Prime Minister and he set out to implement ‘self government’ in the Bantustans
- In 1959, the Bantu Self Government Act was passed- this laid the basis for the creation of the homelands.
- In 1970, the Bantu Homelands Citizenship Act was passed- this allowed black people to become legal citizens of their designated homelands.
- In 1976, Transkei became independent
-In 1977, Bophuthatswana became independent
-In 1979, Venda became independent
- In 1981, Ciskei became independent
-On the 27th of April 1994, the homelands ceased to exist and were re-incorporated into the new 9 provinces of a democratic South Africa.
In what year did the National Party come to power?
In 1948
When was the Bantu Authority Act passed ?
In 1951
When did Verwoerd become Prime minister?
In 1958
When was the Bantu Self-Government Act paassed?
In 1959
When was the Bantu Homelands Citizenship Act passed?
In 1970
When did Transkei become indepedent?
In 1976
When did Transkei become indepedent?
In 1976
When did Bophuthatswana became independent become independent?
In 1977
When did Bophuthatswana became independent become independent?
In 1977
When did Bophuthatswana became independent become independent?
In 1977
When did Bophuthatswana became independent become independent?
In 1977
When did Venda became independent become independent?
In 1979
When did Ciskei become independent?
In 1981
When did homelands cease to exist?
In 1994
On average, how many people were striking annually in the 60’s?
around 2000 africans
What did the 1962 Communism Act do?
It widened the definition of sabotage ( this is the law that Mandela was initially arrested for after Sharpeville)
When was the South African Students Organisation formed?
In July 1969
Why was the South African Students Organisation formed?
Because black people were angry that white students didn’t protest against the inferior rooms black students were given at the National Union of South African Students.
What did the SASO do?
Launched many protests across universities and spread their ideas about black consciousness. The SASO’s protests contributed to the 1976 Soweto uprising.
Who said ‘the most powerful weapon in the hands of the oppressor is the mind of the oppressed’?
Steve Biko
Who was Steve Biko?
One of the key champions of the Black Consciousness movement
What was Black Consciousness?
The idea that black people should have pride in themselves and refuse to accept white superiority
What organisation was Biko part of?
-SASO
-The Black People’s Convention
-The 2imele Trust
What did the number of South African school students increase to between 1950 and 1975?
From 1 million to 3.5 million
In 1976, what did the number of children in secondary school increase to ?
It increased from 178,959 in 1974 to 389,066 in 1976
In 1976, how much money was being spent on education?
The government was spending only 0.53% of gross national product on African education (R102 million out of a total of R19000 million)
In 1976, how much money was being spent on education?
Is it true that for every R42 spent on black African’s education, their white counterpart received R644?
Yes
In Soweto in 1975, what fraction of households accommodated children of school age?
3/4
what could class sizes in Soweto be as high as in 1976?
70-100
In what year was the use of Afrikaans made compulsory in schools from Standard Five (the last year of primary school upwards)?
in 1974
Why did Black South Africans not want to be taught in Afrikaans ?
Because Afrikaans was seen as the language of the oppressor
What did SASM campaign against?
Poor quality education
In 1975, what percentage of Soweto was under 25?
50%
At Morris Isaacson High School, how many students were there per classroom?
70
When was the Soweto Uprising?
On the 16th June 1976
What happened in the Soweto uprising?
-On the 16th of June 1976, about 10,000 children met and marched to Orlando stadium for a rally. They were rallying against the medium of Afrikaans. Stones were hurled and the police killed a few people (at least 70)
- By October 1976, there had been at least 80 protests. These protests included : striking, the burning down of schools etc. As many as 1000 people were killed as a result of protests.
how many new houses has been built in Soweto during the 1950’s?
50,000
By 1976, how many people was Soweto home to ?
around 1 million people
Who organised the Soweto uprising?
The SASM, who went on to create the Soweto Student Representative Council, who co-ordinated the events that took place on the 16th of June 1976
What did the police initially do to try and disperse the marchers in the Soweto Uprising?
They used tear gas and warning shots, which eventually led to live bullets from machine psitols
Amongst the 20 students who died during the Soweto Uprising, who stood out?
13 year old Hector Pieterson. The image of his crying sister holding his dying body became famous and widespread in the media.
In June 1976, where did the protests that began in Soweto spread to?
Other areas in the Transvaal, Natal and the Cape- at least 100 places were affected.
Who did Minister of Justice - Jimmy Kruger- blame for the trouble at Soweto?
The demonstrators. He said that ‘Natives had been made tame to the gun’.
How did the government suppress the events of the Soweto Uprising?
-90 banning orders imposed
-52,000 arrests were made
-Suppression of 18 organisations, including the Christian institute, who had never even been involved in the violent protests.
- Security forces were routinely using 18 different forms of torture, including the electric shock treatment to extract confessions
Why did Harold Macmillan, PM of Britain, visit South Africa in February 1960?
To confirm Britain’s decision to decolonise more broadly, to celebrate African self-government, and to strengthen commonwealth ties.
What speech was the phrase ‘the wind of change blowing through Africa’ from?`
Macmillan’s Wind of Change speech. At this point in the speech, he was referring to conservative realism that was guiding his government to pursue decolonisation.
Why did Harold Macmillan decide to decolonise Africa?
- To celebrate African self government
- To strengthen commonwealth ties
- To keep African countries on the side of Western democracies due to the ongoing cold war
- The costs of keeping an empire had risen
- America was pressuring Britain to decolonise
- To facilitate strong links between Britain and its former colonies, so that they could still negotiate in trade and investments with one another.
When did South Africa refuse to obey UN orders to give up control of South West Africa?
In 1966
When was South Africa banned from being a member of the United Nations?
In 1974
When was the Anti-Apartheid movement (AAM) founded?
In London in 1960
What does AAM stand for?
Anti-Apartheid Movement
What was the Anti Apartheid Movement?
It was a global movement against Apartheid, rather than an organisation within South Africa, or the ANC in exile
Did the Christians in the Anglican church in England support the Anti Apartheid movement?
Yes
Who was a key figure in the Anti Apartheid movement?
Trevor Huddleston. He had served in Sophiatown and witnessed its destruction, and was its vice president from 1961 to 1981 and its president from 1981 to 1994.
Who was Ambrose Reeves?
The initial Bishop of Johannesburg, who saw Apartheid as morally wrong and in conflict with the Christian teaching of all humans being equal.
What did Ambrose Reeves place an emphasis on ?
the ‘unity that is ours in Christ… whatever may be our differences of colour, culture, and class’
When did the AAM start a boycott movement?
In 1959.
Who supported the 1959 AAM boycott movement?
Newspapers, such as the Guardian and Observor
Which countries gave support to the Anti-Apartheid Movement?
- The Swedish government
- The USA
- Canada
- The Netherlands
How successful was the Anti-Apartheid Movement (AAM) ?
It had success in the boycott of South African goods and the launch of the ‘Anti-Apartheid News’, however the movement struggled to find widespread support
When was the campaign of the ‘Stop the Seventy Tour’?
1969-1970
What happened during the South African rugby tour of Britain and Ireland ?
Peter Hain organised mass demonstrations, pickets of the tourists’s hotels, and pitch invasions
What sporting boycott took place in 1970?
The cricket tour by a white south African team to England was cancelled and South Africa was expelled from international cricket in that same year.
What sporting boycott took place in 1973?
A whites-only South African rugby team had initially planned to tour New Zealand. However, a movement called ‘Halt all Racist Tours; campaigned successfully against this visit and so it was cancelled.
What Sporting boycott took place in 1977?
Commonwealth countries signed the Gleneagles Agreement and this discouraged signatories from playing South Africa in a sporting capacity.
When was South Africa suspended from the Olympic games?
In 1964
When was South Africa formally excluded from the Olympic games?
In 1970
Why were sporting boycotts very effective?
Because very severe bans were placed on South Africa and this showed a united, international defiance against Apartheid.
What type of boycotts did the Anti-Aparthied movement originally focus on?
Economic boycotts
What economic boycott did the AAM organise in March 1960?
The month-long boycott of South South African goods
When did the UN pass revolution 1961?
In November 1962
What did revolution 1961 do?
It set up a Special Committee against Apartheid and supported economic sanctions. However, many Western countries refused to join this committee
Why did the West oppose economic sanctions ?
-They saw South Africa as a useful ally in the global struggle against communism
-They thought that it would be easier for South Africa to reform if it remained part of the international community
-Sanctions would probably affect black south Africans the most
What happened to mass protests after sharpeville?
-They increased, particularly with the ANC and PAC.
-Mass pass burnings took place and there was a march on cape town involving 30,000 people
After Soweto, how many students went abroad to join the ANC and MK?
Around 14,000
In what year did Steve Biko die?
1977
When was South Africa’s oil crisis?
In 1973
Why did pass laws practically become redundant in the 70’s?`
Because the population grew to such an extent that it was so hard to enforce pass laws
Why was uranium from mines a key export for South Africa?
Because uranium had a high global demand
What had some trade unions grouped together into in the 1970’s?
The South African Congress of Unions (SACO)
What was the aim of SACO (The South African Congress of Unions)?
To increase the power of workers and as a result of SACO’s creation many workers strikes took place
When was the Congress of South African Students (COSAS) launched?
In 1979 and its aim was to link all students’ protests
Who was the leader of the Congress of South African Students (COSAS)?
Ephrahim Mogale
Why was COSAS pushed towards the ANC?
Because the leader Ephrahim Mogale was an ANC supporter
When did the Sunday post launch a ‘Free Nelson Mandela’ campaign?
In 1980
Did the ‘Free Nelson Mandela’ campaign win worldwide support?
Yes
Where in London was a hotbed for ANC support?
East London
What happened on Mandela’s 60th birthday in 1978?
There was a campaign in England where thousands of birthday cards were sent to Robben island
What happened on Mandela’s 60th birthday in 1978?
There was a campaign in England where thousands of birthday cards were sent to Robben island
When was the ‘Congress of South African Students’ launched?
In 1979
What was the aim of the ‘Congress of South Africans Students’?
It gave greater unity and direction after the Soweto uprisings and aimed to help school students across the country protest with the same aims
How did South Africa try to present homelands as?
As independent countries, but they weren’t recognised as independent countries internationally.
What did Homeland revenue move to in the 1970’s?
Homeland revenue moved from 120 million rand to 520 million rand. And 50% of budgets were spent on infrastructure, education, health and agriculture.
Give an example of resistance to homelands becoming independent
The leader of kwaZulu Mangosuthu Buthelezi refused to hold an election or accept independence . He also criticised the government policy and gained access of the national media.
Why couldn’t the homelands become training grounds for MK?
Because they were too heavily policed
When was a Liberal Party formed in South Africa?
In 1953
What type of people did the Liberal Party include?
The white middle class and professionals
Did the Liberal party support or oppose Apartheid?
The Liberal party strongly opposed Apartheid
What happened with the Liberal Party in 1959?
11 of the more Liberal MP’s in the United Party formed the Progressive Party
What happened with the Progressive Party in 1974?
They gained a lot more success- they won 7 seats and had 59,000 white voters
How many seats did the United Party win in 1974?
41
How many voters did the United Party have in 1974?
363,000
What types of people did the United Party mainly consist of?
Conservative English speaking whites
What was unusual about the 1974 United Party?
The fact that although they opposed Apartheid, their replacement was just a repeat of segregation.
How much support did the 1974 United Party win from either side of the Apartheid debate?
Very litlle
Who was the National Party’s main opposition in Parliament by 1978?
The Progessive Federal Party
Why was the Progressive Federal Party very popular by 1978?
Because they appealed to the Afrikaner population and had a young, charismatic Afrikaner leader in charge- Frederik van Zyl Slabbert.
Who was the leader of the Progressive Federal Party ?
Frederik van Zyl Slabbert
In 1981, what percentage of the vote did the Progressive Federal Party win ?
19%
How many seats did the Progressive Federal Party win in 1981?
26
Why did the Progressive Federal Party eventually lose popularity?
Because when Slabbert began to reach out to black political leaders, there became too many whites for Black Africans to support and so the Progressive Party lost popularity.
Why did Vorster successfully win the 1970 and 1974 elections?
Because he was able to appeal to English speakers as well as Afrikaners
What was one issue with Vorster’s National Party?
The fact that divisions began to form between the Conservative and Progressive wings of the party
What does ‘ Verkrompte’ stand for?
Conservative
What does ‘Verligte’ stand for?
Enlightened or Progressive
What is one difference in the ideologies of the ‘ Verkrompte’ and the ‘Verligte’?
The Verligtes said that urbanisation of Black South Africans was inevitable so the policy should adapt and train them accordingly.
Whereas the Verkrompte’s tended to side with making the policy of Apartheid stronger.
Did Vorster tend to side with the Conservative side of the National Party or the Conservative side of the National Party ?
Vorster tended to side with the Conservative side of the National Party
When did Vorster become seriously ill?
In 1978
Why didn’t the Conservative and repressive, Connie Mulder, replace Vorster in 1978 when he became seriously ill?
Because in 1978 it was revealed that Mulder had been given public money to buy and influence newspapers, both at home and abroad, in favour of South african policy. This scandal exposed the dirty tricks of the govenment
Who took over when Vorster stepped down in 1978?
Botha
What is Total Onslaught?
The belief that South Africa was facing Communist threats both internally and externally
What is Total Strategy?
Botha’s policy to combat Total Onslaught on 2 fronts
What were the 2 components of Total Strategy?
- Increasing repression internally and externally to stamp out threats
- Introduce reforms to reduce opposition (WHAM)
How did Botha make Total strategy appeal to Western leaders?
By playing on their worries about Communism. As a result, Botha was supported by president of the USA Ronald Reagen and prime minister of the UK, Margret Thatcher
What reforms did Botha introduce to create a new black middle class?
- Made trade unions legal so that they were more likely to behave responsibly and be less likely to strike.
- Opened up jobs originally for white people to black people.
- By setting up a single education system and spending more money on black people
- Allowing Coloured and Indians to vote for their own representatives in their own parliaments
- By repealing forms of petty Apartheid e.g segregation in public spaces, more military spending and training.
When did South Africa become a Republic?
In 1961
What did it mean for South Africa to become a Republic?
It meant that South Africa was to be run by a Prime Minister who introduced laws. Also, Parliament was to be an elected body, who had a significant say in the creation of laws.
What did the new constitution of 1983 say about the President’s leadership?
-That the President was to lead the country and was to have more power than the Prime Minister previously held.
- There was no longer a Prime Minster
- Parliament was still an elected body
- Creation of 2 additional Parliaments
- Parliament has a lot less power in relation to the President.
How did the Conservatives/Verkramptes in the National Part react to the new reforms that Botha introduced?
- The Conservatives were very angry and so they broke away from the central National Party under Treurnicht to form the Conservative Party. The central idea of this party was the protection of Afrikaners
- The Conservative party received a peak vote of 600,000 and 22 seats. Although this was not enough to trouble the National Party, the Conservatives ended up replacing the Progressive party as the main opposition in Parliament.
Who said ‘Adapt or die’?
Botha
Who said “For a number of years, we have
been experiencing a fierce
onslaught on almost every aspect
of our national life.
The terrorist, communist groups
operating under the ANC are the
primary enemy and must be
confronted and eliminated.” in 1979 ?
Botha
When was the National football league deradicalised?
in 1979 – which was a huge step on one hand, but
on another, it was not rugby or cricket, which were the sports cared about by Afrikaners.
The Tricameral Parliament was a part of the ……. constitution?
1983
Why did Botha establish a National Management System in 1979?
To oversee government. There were 4 cabinet committees in charge of policy: economic affairs, social affairs, constitutional affairs, security
What did the State Security Council do?
It oversaw security
Who was the State Security Council comprised of?
Army generals and police chiefs
Was the State Security Council involved in the assassination of activist Ruth First in 1982 and the bombing of the ANC headquarters in London in the same year?
Yes
What did Botha task joint local management centres with?
- Gaining hard intelligence, which was knowledge of plots amd insurrections.
-Gaining soft intelligence, which was ascertaining local grievances.
What does ARMSCOR stand for?
The Armaments Corporation of South Africa
Why did Botha set up ARMSCOR?
To bypass the world boycott on arms sales to South Africa
What type of Armaments did ARMSCOR enable South Africa to produce by the 1970’s?
Its own helicopters, armed vehicles, and artillery
When was the UDF created?
In 1983
Why was the UDF created?
In response to Botha’s new constitution and reforms
What does the UDF stand for?
The United Democratic Front
How many different organisations did the UDF contain?
Over 500 organisatons
What are some examples of organisations contained within the UDF?
The ANC, COSAS, Churches and Community Organsiations.
What happened at Mitchell Plains in August 1983 ?
About 10,000 people rallied and carried out a peaceful protest. They had adopted the aims of the Freedom Charter
What type of township was Mitchell Plains?
A coloured township outside of Cape Town
Did the UDF organise a boycott of the 1983 Black Council elections elctions?
Yes
What percentage of people ended up voting in the 1983 Black Council Elections?
21%
What percentage of eligible indian people ended up voting in the 1983 Black Council Elections?
13%
What percentage of eligible coloured people ended up voting in the 1983 Black Council Elections?
18%
Why did the ANC support the UDF?
Because it embraced the Freedom Charter
Why did Oliver Tambo advocate support of the UDF rallies?
Because the UDF also feared the constitutional changes
Did the UDF support the armed struggle?
No
Despite supporting the UDF did the ANC continue to operate MK simultaneously?
Yes
Describe how Churches became Anti-apartheid and began to support the UDF
Popular church leaders began to speak out against Apartheid, despite many churches previously supporting the system. For example, Desmond Tutu, Allan Boesak and Frank Chikane were all church leaders who spoke out against Apartheid
Which popular church leader gave the key speech at the Mitchell Plains UDF rally?
Allan Boesak
In what year did COSAS accept the Freedom Charter?
In 1979
In what year did COSASgive public support to the UDF?
1983
What was the largest organisation to support the UDF?
COSAS
What was the main benefit of COSAS supporting the UDF?
It gave the UDF access to South Africa’s youth
When did COSAS launch its million signatures campaign?
In 1984. This campaign was launched under the organisation of the UDF and sought to gain increased support
In 1984, did COSAS begin a renowned wave of school protests?
Yes
When were the Pass laws relaxed and completely abolished?
In 1986
When was the act banning mixed marriages [Immorality and Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Amendment Act] repealed?
In 1985
Describe some of the increased international opposition in response to Botha’s reforms and new constitutions
- Anti-Apartheid Movement increased in importance internationally. Held a 6,000 strong protest in London after Soweto Uprisings.
- In 1970s AAM started concentrating on the issue of human rights as it could win more support this way, as many in Britain felt the AAM was supporting an armed struggle in South Africa
- One key figure was needed to focus on and that figure became Mandela. Into the 1980s the slogan
‘Free Nelson Mandela’ was the call. In 1983 they organised a concert at Alexandra Palace for his
65th birthday.
-Some American companies began to remove their investments from South Africa.
When did an uprising against the government erupt in the Vaal Triangle?
On the 3rd of September 1984
What was the 1983 Parliament called?
The Tricameral Parliament
List the main forms of opposition against Botha between 1983 and 1989
- The Vaal Triangle Uprising
- The ANC People’s War
- COSAS
-Initial events in Alexandra in 1986
-Rule of the Comrades - Rural Rebellion
Describe the events of the Vaal Triangle Uprising
-On the 3rd of September 1984, an uprising against the government erupted in the Vaal triangle and councillors were killed in Sharpeville and Sebokeng.
-The Vaal Civic association, affiliated to the UDF, had initially led the protests but had lost control of the crowds.
- In the aftermath of the 3rd of September, this type of violence became engrained in new forms of political protests and the new generation rebels were younger.
Describe the events of the ANC People’s War
-In October 1984, following the Vaal Triangle Uprising, the ANC issued a call for ‘making the country ungovernable’ and the armed struggle appealed to the youths.
-‘People’s Power’ became the slogan of the movement and buildings were frequently burned down.
-In 1985, the ANC called for a ‘People’s War’ and made more attempts to send Mk cadres into South Africa.
-By this point, the armed struggle was no longer restricted to sabotage and in 1983, MK was behind a bomb that resulted in 19 deaths and over 200 injuries.
- Consequently, youths in South Africa saw themselves as ‘comrades’ and helpd to further the armed struggle.
What was the slogan of COSAS?
‘liberation before education’
when was COSAS founded ?
In 1979
describe the initial events thattook place in Alexandra in 1986
- In June 1985, Botha declared a State of Emergency and sent troops into the Alexandra township protected by armoured vehicles and prepared to use their weapons.
- In May 1986, over 1500 troops moved into Alexandra and made house searches. They arrested anyone suspected of resistance.
- On the 12th of June 1986, a 2nd national state of emergency was called and this resulted in the arrest of 3,000 in Alexandra alone. Over 25,000 people were detained nationally, of which most were youths.
Did the UDF try to distance themselvesfrom the comrades?
Yes
Describe the violence of the comrades
They necklaced and acted violently to those who broke consumer boycotts of shops or were reluctant to participate in stayaways.
Were towns and rural high schools centres of protest and recruitment for MK?
Yes
How did the Transvaal youth take matters into their own hands?
By becoming members of the Youth Congress and by turning to older ideas, such as witch craft
What does COSATU stand for?
Congress of South African Trade Unions
When was COSATU formed?
In 1985 by trade unionists
What was COSATU?
A national association called the Congress of South African Trade Unionists. It soon became the most organised and sustained opposition movement.
Within COSATU, what organisation emerged as the largest union and staged a major strike in the mines in 1987?
The National Union of Mineworkers
What was the relationship between the UDF and COSATU?
- The UDF and COSATU formed an alliance called the Mass Democratic Movement (MDM)
- This helped the UDF to get around banning orders
Was the MDM seen as more of an organisation or as more of a movement?
The MDM was seen as more of a movement than an organisation.
Did COSATU organise protests between 1988-1999?
Yes
How did COSATU put pressure on the government?
By organising massive stayaways, to which an estimated 2.5-3 million people responded
How did the stayaways that were organised by COSATU impact South Africa ?
Because white South African businesses were impacted and the stayaways also minimised the reprisals and arrests that were frequently a result of direct confrontation and violent protests.
In what year did COSATU organise another Defiance Campaign ?
In 1989. It’s aim was to finally kill off segregated facilities and free imprisoned political leaders
Which leading UDF activist was killed?
Trevor Manuel
When did Botha carry out his rubicon speech?
In August 1985
What were aims?
- To increase repression of potential threats by having good links with army generals, increasing the size of the armed forces, stamping out Communism, and setting up South Africa’s own Arms industry.
- To introduce the following reforms: making trade unions legal; opening up more jobs to black people to make them more satisfied and less likely to oppose him; to create a single education system that’s also open up to black people ; to repeal forms of petty Apartheid.
- To gains support from foreign countries, like England, who were also against Communism.
- To improve South Africa’s economy after the 1973 Oil Crisis. To do this, Botha had to free Black workers.
- To reduce protests
- To improve South Africa’s international image i.e by engaging in trade
In what year did Mandela begin to meet with Bothat’s representatives?
In 1985
Why were the meetings with Botha and Mandela initialy kept a secret?
Becaused thr ANC was split on whether or not they should negotiate with Botha
When did Botha suffer from a stroke?
In January 1989
Who succeeded Bothat?
F.W de Klerk
What was the outcome of the election in September 1989 for the National Party?
-De Klerk’s National Party won. However, they only got 48% of the votes. This was their worst performance in years.
- The Conservative Party (right wing) got 31% of the votes.
- The Liberal Party got 20% of the votes
At the opening session of Parliament on the 2nd of February 1990, why did De Klerk announce that the ANC, SACP, PAC, and 31 other organisations were no longer banned?
Because he thought this would help bring about peace
Why did De Klerk have little choice in removing banning orders in 1990?
Because economic boycotts and the withdrawal of loans had drastically damaged South Africa’s economy
When did De Klerk release Mandela from prison?
On the 11th of February 1990
What was the aim of the 3 fold strategy?
To divide the opposition and portray the government as the ;reasonable’ middle gorund
What was the first part of de kerk’s 3 fold strategy?
To draw out the negotiations, hoping on increasing concessions from the ANC
What was the second part of de kerk’s 3 fold strategy?
To finance and support internal violence between all segments of society
What was the third part of de kerk’s 3 fold strategy?
To hope that the combination of time and unacceptable levels of violence would provoke the ANC and its allies into taking action that would discredit these organisations and their leaders
How successful was de Klerk’s 3 fold strategy?
It was successful in drawing out negotiations, and financing and supporting internal violence. However, the 3 fold strategy was unsuccessful in forcing the ANC into making a false move.
What was CODESA?
The Convention for a Democratic South Africa was a set of meetings between December 21st 1991 and 1992 in South Africa that aimed to forge a smooth transitional process towards democracy.
Who was involved in CODESA?
19 Political organisations were involved in CODESA, including the ANC and the National Party
What did CODESA aim to do?
CODESA aimed to create a new constitution for South Africa after Apartheid and to forge a smooth transitional process towards democracy
Why was CODESA suspended?
- Because at CODESA II in May 1922, negotiations broke down over arguments based on power sharing and majority rule
- Violence broke out as a result.
What violence broke out as a result of CODESA II breaking down in May 1992?
-The Boipatong Massacre in June 1992.
- This was where IFP supporters attacked ANC supporters and 46 people got injured.
- The Massacre forced the ANC delegation to withdraw from CODES talks with Mandela
When did De Klerk announce the results of a referendum in which only white people were allowed to partake in?
On the 17th of March 1992
What were the results of the March 1992 referendum?
The majority of voters voted for the reversal of Apartheid and this crushed the Conservative Party and the right wing sympathisers
In what year was an interim constitution finally agreed upon?
In 1993
When was a fully democratic National election held?
In April 1994
What was the outcome of the April 1994 election?
The ANC won the election and Mandela became the country’s first black President
In 1974, how many days were lost through strikes?
14,167
Did Botha encourage civil war in Angola and Mozambique?
Yes
Until which point was Namibia under South Africa’s control?
Until 1989
List some figures who were important in bringing about the end of Aparthied
- Nelson Mandela
- FW De Klerk
- Archbishop Desmond Tutu
- Chris Hani (SA Communist)
- Beyers Naudé
- Cyril Ramaphosa (Negotiators)
- Rolf Meyer (Negotiators)
- Thabo Mbeki (ANC)
- Joe Slovo (SA Communist)
- Mangosuthu Buthelezi (Inkatha
Freedom Party)
Describe the violence in Sebokeng in 1990
- 2 months after Mandela’s release from prison, a peaceful march took place near Sharpeville in a place called Sebokeng.
- They were peacefully protesting against high rent prices when the police fired into a crowd without warning
- 380 people were injured and 14 people were killed
Describe the violence in Pietermaritzburg in 1990
- In KwaZulu Natal, violence outbroke between the Zulu members of Inkantha and the mebers of the UDF-alligned UDF.
- The police backed Inkantha and during the 7 day war, they helped Inkantha to attack UDF members.
- 200 people were killed and 3,000 homes were destroyed.
Describe the violence in The Rand in 1990
- From mid 1990 onwards, violence escalated on The Rand, where over 500 people died in August during conflict between township residents and Zulu migrant workers.
Describe the Right Wing attacks in 1990
Between 1985 and 1991, how many people died as a result of political violence?
5,000 people
What were the aims of the MPNF (Multi Party Negotiating Forum)?
- To hold a non-racial democratic election in April 1994
- To set up an interim constitution (essentially pick up where CODESA left off)
Was Inkantha removed from most of the negotiation process of the MPNF?
Yes
By what point had the MPNF set up a date for a non-racial, democratic election?
By June 1993
By what point had the MPNF accepted an interim constitution?
By November 1993
What were the key agreements of the MPNF interim constitution in November 1993?
- Proportional representation
- rotating presidency
- Sunset clause (proposed by Joe Slovo)
- For any future constitution to be changed you would need an agreement of 66% of
the electorate. - Whites allowed to keep wealth and land, and civil service pensions would be kept.
- Presidential power was strong but a bill of rights and constitutional court tempered
this power.
When was a Transitional Executive Committee established?
In September 1993 and this took control of the government
How successful was the April 1994 democratic election for the ANC?
Very successful and the ANC won 62% of the votes
Why was the National Party still involved with political decisions after the 1994 election?
becauses the ANC did not win a 2/3 majority
When Mandela became president of South Africa, who were his deputies?
Mbeki and De Klerk
What did the Restitution of Land Rights Act do?
Compensated for the worst examples of forced removals from landd
After the 1994 democratic election in South Africa, did economic and racial inequalities still remain?
Yes
After the April 1994 democratic election, did COSATU increase in size?
Yes, COSATU increased i nsize from 460,000 to 1.3 million
After the 1994 democratic election, what union did South Africa become a part of ?
the African union
Name some important factors in South Africa becoming democratically united in 1994
- Mandela’s role
- De Klerk and the National Party
-Strikes
Describe the strike that happened at Impala Platinum in January 1986
-In January 1986 at Impala Platinum, 30,000 workers striked and demanded better wages and the recognition of their union.
- The company refused to talk to the National Union of Mineworkers (NUM) and dismissed 23,000 workers.
- As a result, 350,000 mineworkers embarked on strike action, which was also a result of the highly exploitative conditions they faced.
When was South Africa’s first national democratic election?
Btetween the 26th and 29th of April 1994
Was there violence leading up to the first national democratic election?
Yes
Why did pass documents prove useful on voting day?
because there was not enough time to register all the voters and so the pass documents everyone needed to carry were used as I.D. Leftover from the apartheid regime was actually useful in this context.
which commission oversaw the 1994 election?
The Independent Electoral Commission
How many votes were counted in the 1994 election?
19,726,579
How many votes were rejected as invalid?
193,081
Is it true that Around 20 million
South Africans queued over a four-day voting period, with a 86.9% voter turnout?
Yes
What percentage of the votes did the National Party get in the 1994 election?
20.39%
What percentage of the votes did the Inkantha Freedom Party get in the 1994 election?
10.54%
How many seats did the ANC get in the 1994 election?
252
What problems did the 1994 government face?
gxdre
From the 27th of April 1994 to the 3rd of February1997, what government was South Africa governed by?
The Government of National Unity (GNU)
Did GNU include all the parties that had won 5% or more in the election?
Yes
Who was in Mandela’s cabinet in the Government of National Unity?
Ministers from other political parties, as well as members of the National Party and Inkantha
What was the mission of the Government of National Unity?
To facilitate a peaceful move to democracy. A new constitution was also overseen to improve the quality of life
What was under the Interim United Executive Authority (IUEA)?
The President Council(PC), and the Government of National Unity(GNU)
Who was Mandela’s deputy minister in his Government of National Unity?
Thabo Mbeki
Who was Mandela’s seocndary deputy presdient in his Government of National Unity?
De Klerk
What does RDP stand for?
The Reconstruction and Development Programme
What were the 5 key programmmes of the RDP?
- Meeting basic needs
- Developing human resources
-Building the economy
-Democratising the state and society - Implementing the RDF
What were the 5 key programmmes of the RDP?
- Meeting basic needs
- Developing human resources
-Building the economy
-Democratising the state and society - Implementing the RDF
What were the 5 key programmmes of the RDP?
- Meeting basic needs
- Developing human resources
-Building the economy
-Democratising the state and society - Implementing the RDF
What were the 5 key programmmes of the RDP?
- Meeting basic needs
- Developing human resources
-Building the economy
-Democratising the state and society - Implementing the RDF
What were the 5 key programmmes of the RDP?
- Meeting basic needs
- Developing human resources
-Building the economy
-Democratising the state and society - Implementing the RDF
What were the 5 key programmmes of the RDP?
- Meeting basic needs
- Developing human resources
-Building the economy
-Democratising the state and society - Implementing the RDP
What were the 6 basic principles of the RDP?
- An integrated and sustainable programme
- A people-driven process
- Peace and security for all
- Nation-building
- Link reconstruction and development
- Democratisation of South Africa
What did meeting basic needs include?
improving housing, water, electricity, land, transport, jobs
What does human resource development include?
improving education and training across the country
What does building the economy include?
Addressing structural issues like racial and gender inequalities, worker rights
What does democratising the state include?
People centred approach, asking people what they wanted.
What does structures for implementing the RDP include?
Setting up organisations which would allow the RDP to function
successfully.
Why was the RDP needed?
- To stabilise South Africa
- To mobilise all people and resources towards
an eradication of the results of apartheid - To Address the moral and ethical development
of South Africa
Did the RDP aim to support the 17 million+ citizens who were living in poverty?
Yes
What was the RDP financed by?
Financed by taking a small amount of budget from all other departments. This resulted in only R2.5 billion given to the project in 1995 (less than 2% of government spending).
What was the problem with lots of private companies being hired to carry out the work of the RDP?
many unreliable/corrupt.
Name some of the RDP programmes
- R450 million school lunch programme.
- R48 million programme for medical care for children & pregnant women.
Because of the RDP, how many houses were built between 1995 and 2001?
Around 1.1 million. This helped to improve basic living conditions
Due to the RDP, from1994 to2000, what percentage did the electrification of houses increase by?
Between 1994 and 2000, the eelctrification of houses increased from 35% to 71%
Because of the RDP, how many more people did clean water become accesisible to?
4.6 million more peple
Was teh RDP well advertised?
Yes, and 86% of the country were aware of the RDP. This showed that the people of South Africa knew the government was trying to help
Did the RDP result in an improved economy in South Africa and South Africa trading with more countries like America?
Yes
Due to the RDP, how many people were given jobs on a Public Works Programme that included building roads, sewers and water supplies?
240,000 people
Due to the RDP, what percentage did the use of healthcare increase by?
1.6%
Although the RDP resulted in more houses being built, what was the problem with these houses?
The quality of housing was very varied. Contractors were supposed to train Africans to build their own houses but often just gave materials & no training. Only 30% of housing met building regulations.
The RDP resulted in separate housing areas being built. What was the problem with this?
By creating separate housing areas, the government was just creating further ‘townships’, with the poor distanced from the rich city centres.
Although the RDP set about to improve education what was the problem with this?
There was a dilemma with education – unsure about if they should focus on the millions of adults with no education or focus on the current youth.
After the RDP was introduced, what was the issue with water?
The number of people relying on rivers/streams for their water actually rose. The government then had to spend huge amounts of money transporting water to the neediest communities.
After the RDP was introduced, what happened to the life expectancy?
Between 1995-8 life expectancy fell from 64 to 53. There was actually a decrease in quality of healthcare with nurses and doctors significantly lacking.
When was GEAR introduced?
in 1996
What did GEAR stand for?
Growth, Employment & Redistribution Policy
Why was GEAR introduced?
Because in 1996, the government saw that the RDP had not worked as intended. They also saw significant problems with continuing to throw money at their problems.
What was the aim of gear ?
to reduce poverty and inequality but this time by making the economy grow.
GEAR was…
A five-year plan—Growth, Employment, and Redistribution (GEAR)—that focused on privatisation and the removal of exchange controls.
What are exchange controls?
government-imposed limitations on the purchase and/or sale of currencies. These controls allow countries to better stabilize their economies by limiting in-flows and out-flows of currency, which can create exchange rate volatility.
How did GEAR aim to to reduce poverty and inequality but this time by making the economy grow?
- By reducing and controlling government spending
- By reducing tariffs to encourage international investment.
- By human resource development e.g supporting education and training.
- By developing roads, transport etc. that would help business.
- By encouraging small businesses.
- By setting up new laws and programs designed to improve the economic situation of the marginalized majority.
What were the failures of GEAR?
-GEAR did not set out specific targets for what it would achieve
- Poverty and inequality had not improved by the year 2000. (However, there was some success in macroeconomics).
What was the success of GEAR?
South Africa had some successes in macroeconomics. There was significant growth in 2010 and some argue that this is due to the foundations laid by GEAR
Describe the significance of the 1995 rugby world cup for South Africa
- In 1995, the Rugby World Cup final took place between South Africa and New Zealand. South Africa had a mixed team and because the final gained a lot of media attention, South Africa was able to portray an image of an equal and non-racist South Africa.
- Also, Mandela shook hands with the South African team captain, who was white, and also wore the Springbok shirt. This helped portray an image of unity.
When was South Africa the host nation of the World Cup?
In 2010
In 2003, what sporting ecvent did South Africa host?
The cricket world cup, alongside Zimbabwe and Kenya
After the 1995 World Cup, what became the fastest growing sport in Black Communities in South Africa ?
Cricket.
What did Nelson Mandela famosuly say about sport?
‘Sport has the power to change the world. It has the power to inspire, it has the power to unite people in a way that little else does’.
What was Mndela’ss logan to how unity through sport during the rugby world cup?
‘One team, one country’.
South Africa made a bid for the 2004 Olympics to show international
unity and international awareness , but were unsuccessful. However,
they did have the 3rd most votes- a significant result. t/f
t
South Africa has failed in its bid to host the 2006 football World Cup,
losing to Germany by a single vote. President Thabo Mbeki has
described the result as a setback in Africa’s efforts to gain
international sporting recognition. t/f
t
What was the Truth and Reconciliation Comiision?
A court like body established to help bring about a reconciliation of its people by uncovering the truth about human rights violations that had occurred during Apartheid
When did the TRC take place?
It was established in 1995, but formal hearings began on the 15th of April 1996
When did the TRC take place?
It was established in 1995, but formal hearings began on the 15th of April 1996
Why was the Truth and Reconciliation Comiision needed?
- Because of the promotion of the National Unity and Reconciliation Act
- So that everyone could find peace and become unified (the victims felt that they were being glistened to and the perpetrators were given forgiveness. )
- To eliminate violence because of people acting on revenge
What committees were set up by the TRC?
- The Human Rights Violation Committee
- The Reparations and Rehabilitation Committee
- The Amnesty Committee
What was the aim of the TRC’s ‘Human Rights Violation Committee?’
To investigate human rights buses between 1960 and 1994
What was the aim of the TRC’s ‘Reparations and Rehabilitation Committee?’
To restore victims dignity and to formulate proposals to assist with rehabilitation
What was the aim of the TRC’s ‘Amnesty Committee?’
To consider applications for amnesty that were requested in accordance with the provisions of the National Unity and Reconciliation Act
Who was involved in the TRC?
Many high profile members including: Archbishop Desmond Tutu (chair); Dr Alex Boraine; Wynand Malan; Dumisa Ntsebeza
With regards to the TRC, what happened on the 28th of October 1998?
- The TRC presented its report, which condemned both sides for committing atrocities
- Many of those guilty for gross human rights violations under the leadership of De Klerk tried to demand for a blanket of amnesty for their past actions. However, the dominant view was that they should be held accountable for their crimes
How successful was the TRC?
- It was successful because it was able to compile a record of Apartheid-era human rights abuses that could no longer be denied .
- Granted amnesty to perpetrators to achieve peace and reconciliation.
- Some also argued that the focus on reconciliation forced South Africa to ‘forget the past’.
- “Structural violence” (forced removals) weren’t investigated.
- Many political and military leaders were let off the hook i.e Botha
How many statements were received from victims during the TRC trials?
More than 21,000
How many amnesty applications were received during the TRC trials?
7,112
How many amnesty hearings took place during the TRC trials?
More than 2,500
How many amnesties for thousands of crimes committed were grnted?
1,500
Is itr true that the comissions prposed that each victikm/family should receive approximately $3500 USD for 6 years?
Yes, but in most cases victims/families didn’t receive al of tis mney
Were many high level members of the former police convucted for the attempted murder of Reverend Frank Chikane in 1989?
Yes, but few trials were actually held because o fthe lack of eveidence
Is it true that In Southern & Eastern Africa AIDS was a much bigger killer in the 90’s than all the civil wars put together?
Yes
Did immigration during the 90’s in South Africa contribute to the rapid growth of HIV?
yes
Was there lack of education and stigma surrounding HIV?
Yes
How many South Africans were HIV positive by 1999?
3.6 million and the number was increasing by more than half a million a year
Did the HIV epidemic in South Africa result in an increase in the life expectancy?
yes
Were there very high levels of rape/non-consensual sex in South Africa in the 1990’s that contributed to an increased spread of HIV?
Yes
Was the HIV epidemic in South Africa made worse by the poverty & poor healthcare of many Africans?
Yes
WasHIV/AIDS dealt with sucesssfully in South Africa?
no and many people died because of this
What happened to the standard of education after Mandela became president?
The standard of education had gotten worse and the quality of education still depended on race (despite and increase in enrollment).
After Mandela became President, was racism still present in schools?
Yes, even in mixed classes
Did Mandela spend enough money on education?
No. More money was needed for more classrooms and better-trained teachers
What are some positive international relations MSouth Africa had pre 1994?
Thatcher – Tory England
Mozambique
China
Cuba
France
Israel
US under Reagan
What are some negative international relations South Africa had pre 1994?
USA
United Nations
SADCC
Commonwealth
What was Mandela’s involvement with the Lockerbie bombing?
In 1988, Mandela persuaded Libya to hand over 2 suspects wanted in connection with the bombing of the Pan Am flight 103.
Did the SADCC consist of many African countries that aimed to be less dependent on Apartheid South Africa?
Yes
How did Mandela help to end the civil war in the Democratic of Congo in 1997?
By meeting with rebel leader Laurent-Desire Kabila
Why was there disagreeemnets with how Mandela dealt with Nigeria in 1995?
- Because he recalled the South African high commissioner from Nigeria, urged the UK and US to impose oil sanctions, requested the UN’s action, and called for a special Southern Africa Development Community meeting to discuss the issue.
- Hence Mandela was criticised for being too harsh on Nigeria
Is it true that many Western leaders disliked Mandela’s relationship with individuals and countries who were known human rights abusers, but had formerly supported the ANC while they were in exile (Cuba’s Fidel Castro)?
Yes
when did South Africa join NAM?
In 1994
What does NAM stand for?
The Non-Aligned Movement
What did the NAM do?
The NAM aimed to give a voice to developing nations, opposed the Apartheid government, and supported various different guerrilla movements
What were the strengths of Mandela’s foreign policy?
- Economic development in many South African countries imporved. In particular, the NAM heelped to support trade in developing sttaes.
-Democracy was upheld in South Africa post 1994
- South AFRICA reconciled with international bodies, such as the UN and the Commonwealth.
-
What were the weaknesses of Mandela’s foreign policy?
Mandela was known to have relations with known human rights abusers which went against the foreign policy aim of promoting human rights .
Mandela’s foreign policy aims
When was Desmond Tutu awarded the nobel price for peace?
In 1984
Did Desmond Tutu support the economic boycotts of south africa?
Yes
Did the South African council of churches support civil rights?
Y
Did church leaders advocate non-violent protest?
Yes
Who advocated the ‘rainbow nation’ concept?
Desmond tutu
Who was head of the truth and reconciliation commission?
Desmond tutu
