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A- level History > Russia- Opposition > Flashcards

Russia- Opposition Flashcards

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1
Q

What were the Zemstva?

A

Councils introduced to have control over local matters. The nobility made up 70% of the voters, and this was the first time there had been any kind of local democracy.

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2
Q

When was the Statute of State Security?

A

1881

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3
Q

What was the Statute of State Security?

A
  • This gave the government emergency powers to prosecute any individual for political crimes.
  • This allowed emergency police to rule if public order was threatened.
  • This gave the Interior Minister and police chiefs the power to restrict civil liberties and prosecute people without going to court.
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4
Q

What was Russification under the Tsars?

A

Where other nationalities within the Russian empire had to adopt the Russian language, culture, customs and religion. This led to them losing their own national identity.

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5
Q

what was the 1905 October Manifesto intoriduced in response to?

A

The 1905 revolution

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6
Q

When was the October Manifesto?

A

1905

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7
Q

What did the October Manifesto do?

A
  • It guaranteed civil libeties, such as freedom of speech and the end of unwarranted arrests.
  • Also introduced a Duma (parliament).
  • This was seen by the Liberals as the first step towards constitutional government.
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8
Q

When were the Fundamental Laws introduced?

A

In 1906

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9
Q

What were the terms of the 1906 Fundamental Laws?

A
  • These stated that the Tsar had the right to pass laws in ‘exceptional circumstance’ without consulting the Duma and that no laws could come into force without his approval.
  • Also, an upper house called the State Council (where half the members were chosen by the Tsar) was created and it had equal power to the Duma and could stop any law from passing.
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10
Q

What was the 1921 Decree on Party Unity?

A

Where Lenin banned any factions within the Communist party. This effectively meant that no one could criticise any of his policies.

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11
Q

When was collectivisiation introduced?

A

In 1929

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12
Q

What was collectivisation?

A
  • where peasants were forced into collective farms. These were farms with 50-100 households where all land, tools and livestock were shared.
  • they were run by an elected committee.
  • in the first 2 months of 1930, rougly half of peasants (60 million people) were forced into collective farms.
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13
Q

Why was collectivisation paused in 1930?

A
  • Because there was a rebellion by peasants against the pace of collectivisation.
  • There were 13,754 outbreaks of mass unrest involving 2.5 million peasants.
  • As a result, Stalin paused collectivisation and the numbers on collective farms fell.
  • However, by the end of the 1930s , 90% of peasants lived on collective farms.
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14
Q

Why were land captains introduced in 1889 by Alexander III ?

A

As a way of controlling and monitoring the behaviour of the peasants. They had powers similar to the police and were known for their cruelty.

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15
Q

What did Stalin do between 1936 and 1938?

A
  • He introduced a series of show trials and executions. These removed anyone suspected of being a traitor.
  • A climate of fear and suspicion was created.
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16
Q

When was the Morozov dye works strike?

A

In 1885

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17
Q

How many workers did the Morozov dye works strikes?

A

8,000

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18
Q

What were the Morozov dye works strikes against?

A

Poor working conditions

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19
Q

What happened with strikes before the 1880’s?

A

They tended to be localised and small-scale.

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20
Q

When was Bloody Sunday?

A

1905

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21
Q

What strike led to the February 1917 revolution?

A
  • The Putilov works strike
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22
Q

The putilov strike quickly snowballed, sparking larger demonstrations in Petrograd.

A

The putilov strike quickly snowballed, sparking larger demonstrations in Petrograd.

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23
Q

When were the Novocherkassk protests?

A

In 1962

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24
Q

What were the Novocherkassk protests about?

A
  • rising prices
  • food shortages
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25
Q

Why was there little worker opposition during world war 2 and the 1930’s?

A

due to extreme repression

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26
Q

What were the consequences of the strikes in Novorchessk?

A
  • The authorities killed 20 workers
  • Many of the ringleaders were laetr executed
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27
Q

Was worker oppostion more sucessful under the Tsars or under the communists?

A

under the tsars, due to the communism ideology more likely to appeal to the working class.

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28
Q

what 2 ways was worker opposion commonly dealt with?

A
  • reforms
  • repression
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29
Q

is it true that the average working day was reduced from 11.5 hours in 1897 to 7 hours in the 1960s?

A

Yes

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30
Q

When were the Lena Goldfields strikes?

A

In 1912

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31
Q

How were the lena goldfields strikes dealt?

A
  • Strikers were ruthlessly dealt with by the army, resulting in over 200 deaths
32
Q

When did Witte introduce the factory inspectorate?

A

in 1982. by 1905, there was 150 members.

33
Q

What did Stalin use to control worker behaviour?

A

the 5 year plans

34
Q

Generally, why was there peasant opposition?

A
  • To improve their living standards/ working conditions.
  • As a reaction against repressive reforms, such as war communism and collectivisation.
35
Q

What are some examples of peasnt opposition?

A
  • Opposition to the 1861 Emancipation Edict.
  • Black earth region revolts 1906-7
  • Opposition to war communism
  • Opposition to collectivisation.
36
Q

Describe the peasant opposion surrounding the 1861 Emancipation edict?

A
  • The 1861 emancipation edict resulted in lots of unrest fro peasants.
  • This unrest quietened until the 1890s, when further outbursts of revolt were quelled with the help of land captains.
  • Peasant rebellions from 1900 - 1906 were prompted by unsatisfactory attempts to deal with the issues relating to redemption payments and rising prices.
  • Some rural peasants appropiated ‘private’ and state land, refused to pay taxes, robbed warehouses and stores, attacked landowners, and resorted to incendiary.
37
Q

What happened as a result of the black earth region revolts?

A
  • Was initially put down with great force.
  • Stolypin carried out land reforms to appease peasant grievances. This indicated that peasants were successful in employing direct action on a wider scale.
38
Q

Were peasants integral to the revolutionary events of 1917?

A
  • Yes
  • They launched attacks on landowners, destroyed public utilities in provincial towns, and engaged in peasant vigilantism.
  • At this point, peasants had become more organised than ever before and they even had the aim of army deserters and educated peasants, who formed peasant soviets.
39
Q

What did peasants do in response to grain requisitioning under the policy of war communism?

A

They hoarded food

40
Q

How much of the russian population consisted of peasants ?

A

70-80%

41
Q

What was a negative effect of collectivisation that triggered unrest?

A

The man made famine of 1932

42
Q

How did Stalin deal with peasant opposition?

A
  • Through the collectivisation of 97% of peasants by 1941.
  • Through the deportation of 3 million kulak families.
  • Through the execution of 30,000 kulaks
43
Q

How many people were killed in the Bloody Sunday massacre?

A

200 people

44
Q

How many people were killed in the lena goldfields strikes?

A

270 peope

45
Q

Why did worker suicide rates increase in the 1940’s?

A

due to increased pressure to obtain production targets, and also due to poor working conditions

46
Q

After emancipation….

A

100,000 peasants were rioting at any time and in one instance, 200 peasants were killed by the military.

47
Q

why were there peasant riots in 1914?

A

due to high food prices

48
Q

was there much rural unrest under khrushchev?

A

no

49
Q

what did peasants do to resist collectivisation?

A

they burned crops and killed animals to stop them from being taken

50
Q

Why are the bolsheviks the most effective example of opposition from political parties?

A

because they were well-orgainsed and used propaganda in order to gain support

51
Q

What are some examples of opposition from political parties?

A
  • Populists
  • People’s will
  • SR’s
  • Social democrats
  • Liberals
  • Kadets + Octoborists
52
Q

who were the populists?

A
  • Russian intelectuals who were given greater freedom to criticise tsarist rule following Alexander II’s reforms.
  • Introduced a ‘Going to the People’ campaign from 1873 -74, which involved 4000 uni students dispersing into the russian countryside to educate the peasants politically.
  • This movement became more organised when Land and Liberty were formed in 1876; however, this campaign ultimately failed.
53
Q

Who were the People’s will?

A
  • A terrorist group that emerged from the Land and Liberty movement.
  • Very violent and their objective was to kill the Tsar, which they did so in 1881.
54
Q

Who were the Social Revolutionaries?

A
  • Emerged from the populist movement.
  • The lefts were more radical. Focused on political violence and killed 2000 politicians between 1901 and 1905. Appealed more to the working classes.
  • The right focused on improving the lives of the peasants.
55
Q

Who were the social democrats?

A
  • A marxist group who focused on the workers and split into mensheviks and bolsheviks.
  • Wanted to encourage working class consciousness, improve pay, and reduce working hours.
56
Q

Who were the liberals?

A

Wanted Russia to be more liberal and western

57
Q

What did the Kadets and the Octoborists want?

A

they wanted a consitutional monarchy to stay in place but with more power to the duma, but were still loyal to the tsar.

58
Q

How did lenin end opposition from political parties?

A

1921 decree on party unity- made russia a one party state all the way through to 1964.

59
Q

How did Nicholas II try to appease the right wing parties?

A

by introducing the duma in 1905

59
Q

Was political party opposition more successful under the Tsars or more successful under the communists?

A
  • More successful under Tsars as political parties were legal.
  • Under communism, political parties were banned and repression was used to enforce this ban.
  • Tsarism did not appeal to the growing working classes in the same way that communism did.
59
Q

Was there a lot of political party opposition under Khrushchev?

A

no

60
Q

What did opponents to lenin, such as kamenez, Zinoviev and Rykov do?

A

they disagreed with lenin on signing the treaty of brest litovsk and bringing in of war communism and the NEP.

60
Q

What did Alexander III do to the peoples will?

A
  • he arrested 10,000 members in total.
  • executed 100 leaders using the Okhrana
61
Q

What did Trotsky oppose?

A

the signing of the treaty of brest litovsk

62
Q

What did stalin do to Kamanev and Zinoviev who opposed him?

A

removed them from the party

63
Q

Due to Trotsky’s calls for more freedom of speech, what did Stalin do to him?

A

removed him from the party and exiled him

64
Q

why was bukharin removed from the party in 1929?

A

because he criticised collectivisation

65
Q

When was Witte demoted?

A

in 1903

66
Q

After the bolsheviks seized power, who was actually the most popular party?

A

the Socialist revolutionaries

67
Q

how did lenin rid the threat posed by the socialist revolutionaries?

A

by closing down the consitutent assembly, claiming the elections had been rigged.

68
Q

Why was the NEP short-lived?

A

because stalin replaced it with collectivisation

69
Q

How was the peasant uprising -the Tambov uprising- dealt with under Lenin?

A
  • Brutally repressed by the Cheka.
  • 10,000 people ded
70
Q

Did the creation of the Duma allow for some working class voting?

A

Yes

71
Q

Did the creation of the Duma allow for the legalisation of political opposition?

A

Yes

72
Q

In 1921, due to food shortages, what did petrograd’s population fall by?

A

Over 50%

73
Q

Who were the individual opposers to Lenin?

A

kamenez, Zinoviev and Rykov

74
Q
A

A- level History (19 decks)

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