Queen Elizabeth Flashcards
What years were the house of Tudor?
1485 - 1603
Who did King Henry Vll marry?
Elizabeth of York
When did King Henry Vll marry Elizabeth of York?
In 1486
Who were King Henry Vll wives?
Catherine of Aragon, Anne Boleyn, Jane Seymour, Anne of Cleve’s, Catherin Howard, Catherine Parr
What were the years of King Henry Vll reign?
1485 - 1509
What were the years of King Henry Vlll reign?
1509 - 1547
Who were Queen Elizabeth’s siblings?
Mary l and Edward Vl
What were the years of Mary l reign?
1553 - 1558
Who was Elizabeth l’s mum?
Anne Boleym
What were the years of Edward Vl reign?
1547 - 1553
Who was Arthur Tudor?
King Henry Vlll brother
Who was Catherine of Aragon initially married to?
Arthur Tudor, King Henry VIII brother. King Henry Vlll married her after his brothers death
Why was Queen Elizabeth am autocrat?
Because she made all the major decisions herself
In Elizabethan England what had to happen before a law was passed?
Queen Elizabeth had to give her consent
Could queen Elizabeth decide when parliamen was going to be called?
Yes
Could queen Elizabeth decide when parliament was going to be prorogued?
Yes
Could queen Elizabeth decide when parliament was going to be closed?
Yes
Could Elizabeth decide who became ministers in her privy council?
Yes
Cold Elizabeth decide who attended court?
Yes
Elizabeth was th centre of the ……… System
Patronage
Who was responsible for the nature of religious worship in Elizabethan England?
Queen Elizabeth
In Elizabethan England, who could decide when England could go to war?
Queen Elizabeth
How much did queen Elizabeth care about her appearance?
A lot, she was very vain
How smart was Queen Elizabeth?
Very smart and she learnt to speak multiple languages from a young age
How many years was Queen Elizabeth’s reign?
45 years
Queen Elizabeth’s reign is often referred to as the what age?
The golden age
What was the mid Tudor crisi?
The excessive problems the Tudor monarchs before queen Elizabeth faced
Who wrote about the mid Tudor crisis?
Whitney RD Jones in 1973
Which 8 problems did Jones highlight as being issues during the mid Tudor crisis?
1) Weak rulers.
2) Economic problems
3) Failures in foreign policy
4) Rebellions
5) Problems in religion
6) Factional fighting in court
7) Problems in local government
8) Problems over succession
What society was Tudor England?
A patriarchal society, one dominated by men
What did the lord deputy of Ireland say about Queen Elizabeth being a queen?
‘God’s wounds , this is to serve a base, bastard, pissing kitchen woman!’
What did a London woman say upon seeing queen Elizabeth for the first time?
“Oh Lord, the Queen is a woman”
What did Queen Elizabeth famously say in 1566 ?
“I will have but one mistress and no master “
What did queen Elizabeth say to the earl of Leicester and parliament in 1603?
“my sex cannot diminish my prestige”
What problems did Queen Elizabeth have upon gaining the the throne in 1558?
Forming a new privy council, her gender, marriage, religion, war with France, finance
How many Queen’s and ruled England before Elizabeth in 1558?
2, Queen Matilda and Bloody Mary and both these reigns were seen as failures so there was initially no hope for Elizabeth
What does precedent mean?
First example
What did the ‘great chain of being ‘ mean?
That everyone had a fixed place in the social hierachy
John Knox’s ‘first balst of the trumpet against the monstrous regiment of women’ attacked Mary Queen of Scots and praised who?
Queen Elizabeth, claiming she was an exception and that she had been made queen by God to restore the gospel
Who was John Knox?
A Scottish reformer, who was the founder of the Scottish Calvinist church
Why was Mary’s marriage to Philip unpopular?
Because England became a Spanish satellite and followed Spanish rule
Which councillors felt the need to advise the queen directly as she was ‘only’ a woman?
The earl of Winchester and William cecil
When was Wyatt’s rebellion?
In 1554
Why couldn’t Queen Elizabeth be the head of the church of England?
Because she was a woman
By the 1570s, Queen Elizabeth had created a cult of….
Gloriana
What was the cult of gloriana?
The men of England celebrated the harmony and progress of the virgin queen’s rule. She was a woman who presented herself as foregoing earthly pleasures because she was married to England.
What does ‘all my husbands, my good people’ refer to?
the English nation
Why did men wear lockets holding queen Elizabeth’s portrait around their necks?
To show their loyalty and love for Elizabeth (it had previously been the fashion to carry the likeness of your lover in such a locket)
Elizabeth used her gender as a…
political tool
When Elizabeth wanted to pass a difficult law in parliament, what would she do?
she would make people aware of her vulnerability
What would Queen Elizabeth do if she wanted to make a decision at council?
She would play to the stereotype that women were indecisive. On many occasions, this bought her valuable time before making a difficult decision
Why did Elizabeth pretend to consider marriage?
To get her subjects off of her back
Who were some examples of people Queen Elizabeth wooed?
the earl of Leicester(Robert Dudly) and Walter Raleigh
When did Elizabeth’s last courtship end?
in 1581(when she was 48) with Francois, Duke of Anjou
How many years younger was Francois, Duke of Anjou than queen Elizabeth?
22
What was Queen Elizabeth’s nickname for Francois, Duke of Anjou ?
‘frog’
How did queen Elizabeth overcome the issue of her not being able to become the head of the church of England?
She changed the title to the ‘supreme governor of the church of England’
What did Queen Elizabeth say to her troops during the battle with the Spanish at tilbury?
‘I know I have the body but of a weak and feeble woman, but I have the heart and stomach of a king, and a king of England too, and think foul scorn that Parma or Spain, or any Prince of Europe should dare to invade the borders of my realm’.
What happened at the privy council?
Decisions were made
What did M Tillman say about the privy coucil?
That the privy council was the ‘select ruling board of the realm’
How many people did Mary have in her privy coucil?
Over 40
What model of the privy council did elizabeth prefer?
The Cromwelian model, with a smaller council of 20
What did Queen Elizabeth say about having a big council?
‘a multitude doth make rather discord and confusion rather than a good council’
Did Elizabeth increase the frequency of meetings and occasionally chair meetings herself?
Yes
Who was Sir William Cecil?
Elizabeth’s first secretary of state, her overseer of her estates while she was still a princess, and the secretary during Edward l’s reign
What religion was William Cecil?
a moderate protestant
How many years older than Elizabeth was William Cecil?
10 years older, so he became a father figure to Elizabeth
What did J Guy say about William Cecil’s political abilities?
That he was ‘a experienced politico’
Where did William Cecil’s power come from- his abilities or was it because he was a magnate?
His power came from his abilities
Who was seen as one of the greatest political figures of the tudor age?
William Cecil
What did Richard Rex say about William Cecil?
that he was ‘the most organised politician of the sixteenth centurt’
Who helped to draft the 1559 Religious settlement ?
William Cecil
Who smashed the auld alliance between France and Scotland with the 1560 treaty of Edinburgh ?
William Cecil
When was Robert Dudley appointed to Queen Elizabeth’s privy council?
in 1562
Was Robert Dudley a Protestant or a Catholic?
He was a Protestant
Which Protestant administrators did Queen Elizabeth appoint to her privy council?
Sir Francis Knollys, William Parr and Sir Edward Rogers, all of whom had served under Edward Vl
What were magnates?
people who had power because of the land they owned and their title
What was the role of lord treasurer focused around?
money
was queen Elizabeth’s first lord treasurer a magnate?
Yes
who was queen Elizabeth’s first lord treasurer?
Marquess of Winchester
Which Catholics were initially part of Elizabeth’s inner ring but they soon fell away from power?
Heath and Cheney
Was Queen Elizabeth’s first privy council successful?
Yes
Under Edward Vi’s reign, were priests allowed to marry?
Yes
What is the main difference between Catholic and Protestant churches?
Catholics would go to church to celebrate God. Whereas Protestants would go to church to worship God.
In Catholicism, who was the leader?
The Pope and there was a hierarchy of priests and bishops
In Lutheranism , who was the leader?
There was no central leadership
What is Lutheranism ?
An extreme form of Protestantism that follows the teachings of Martin Luther
In the Anglican faith, who was the leader?
The King was the head, and there was also priests and bishops
What religion was Anne Boleyn?
Protestant
What religion was Catherine Parr?
Protestant
What did the 1559 Religious settlement say in relation to the creation of the new prayer book?
That all clergy and office holders had to agree to an oath to help others conform to the new prayer book, and that church ornamentation and clergy’s dress should be as moderate as they were in the 1549 prayer book
What settlement revoked the Heresey acts and the papal supremacy?
the 1559 Religious settlement
According to the 1559 Religious settlement, what would happen to people who failed to use the prayer book or those who publicly objected to its use?
They would be punished
What settlement declared Queen Elizabeth the supreme governor of the church of England?
the 1559 Religious settlement
In Queen Elizabeth’s time, what would happen to people who refused to attend church on Sunday or those who didn’t attend the services of other holy days?
they were meant to be fined, however, this rarely happened
What did Queen Elizabeth omit from the book of common prayer?
The black rubric of 1552, which denied the real presence of Christ during the communion service and changed the words said by the priest as he consecrated the bread and the wine. This was probably dome in the hope that the ambiguity would enable people of wide religious opinions to participate in the new national church.
What did the royal injunctions of 1559 order clergy to do?
1) observe the royal supremacy and preach against superstitions and papal authority
2) condemn images, relics and miracles
3) preach only with permission, which came in the form of a license
4) report recusants to the privy council or to the JP’s
5) marry only with the permission of their bishop and 2 JP’s
6) observe the ornaments rubric laid down during Edward Vl’s reign
What did the act of the first fruit and tenths do?
allowed for the transfer of property owned by the church to the monarch. The few monasteries Mary had restored were dissolved and property went to the monarch
What did Elizabeth do to overcome the fact that she couldn’t become head of the church?
She made herself supreme governor of the church of england instead
What did all bishops -except one- do when Elizabeth declared herself supreme governor of the church of england?
They resigned
Who filled the empty bishop roles?
Marian exiles
Why did Mary leave behind a debt of £227,000 for Elizabeth?
Because when she died in 1558, England was allied with Spain and at war with france and war costs a lot of money
did Mary update tax records?
Yes
who was Elizabeth’s first lord treasurer?
the Marquis of Winchester
by 1585(the start of the spanish war) how much money did elizabeth have in savings?
£300,000
who did elizabeth make collect taxes?
unpaid local sheriffs and JP’s
Why did elizabeth avoid the costs of building new palaces?
To decrease the money she was spending
why did elizabeth freeze office salaries?
because inflation was going up and she wanted to save money
Instead of using forms of patronage that cost the goverment money, what did elizabeth do?
she started to use those that cost others -like monopolies
did elizabeth sharply reduce the size of the royal household?
Yes
What did elizabeths dependency on unpaid government officials to collect her taxes result in?
A lot of corruption, as they would often take some of the taxes for themselves
Whilst decreasing her expenditure, what should Elizabeth have also done?
she should’ve increased her revenue- through enforcing taxes
how did Elizabeth make decisions?
through the privy council
Elizabeth fiercely defended the royal…
prerogative
who decided when parliament could be closed, prorogued or closed?
Queen elizabeth
who was the centre of the patronage system?
Queen elizabeth
who could decide if england could go to war.
Queen Elizabeth
who could decide the nature of religious worship in england?
queen elizabeth
What was it called if queen elizabeth was disobeyed?
Treason, which was punishable by death
What did S.T bindoff say about Elizabeth?
A ‘superb and matchless flower’ and that ‘no wiser or mightier ever adorned the English throne’
Why couldn’t Elizabeth rule solely by herself and why did she have to rely a lot on the privy council?
Because she was always short on money and had no army or civil service to impose her will
What matters did some members of the parliament challenge the royal prerogative over?
Matters such as Elizabeth’s marriage and monopolies
Who were required to work in the local government to ensure peace and that policies were actually being carried out?
Lord lieutenants and justices of the peace
What were some of the roles of the privy council?
-managing the queen’s legislation through parliament
-overseeing the court of wards
-managing crown lands
- defence of the realm
-controlling religion
-administering the realm
-to discuss matters of state and offer policy advice
How did the privy council defend the realm?
-by coordinating naval policy
-by financing the Spanish war
-by overseeing the training of local militia
How did the privy council control religion?
-By enforcing the 1559 religious settlement through lord lieutenants and Jp’s
-Drafting new anti Catholic laws from the early 1580’s
How did Elizabeth administer the realm?
By overseeing local governments e.g the work of lord lieutenants and by dealing with domestic unrest e.g. the Oxfordshire food riots of 1596
Why was there a decline in the loyalty and the effectiveness of the privy council on the 1590’s ?
Because many older ministers died and the is lead to the appointment of less able and less loyal younger ministers
When was the essex’s revolt?
In 1601
Where was court held?
In the presence chamber
who controlled the court ?
The Lord Chamberlain
What did the household proper look after?`
The physical needs of the court-from food to transport
What did all correspondence to the queen need to pass through?
the secretary of state (william cecil)
who controlled access to the queen in court?
the Lord Chamberlain
how did the fact that Elizabeth knew several languages helped her out?
It ensured that the council was honest and that elizabeth wasn’t being told only one side of the story
did Elizabeth’s cult of gloriana continue even after she grew older?
Yes
What happened at the Accession day tilts?
jousting occurred in defence of the queen’s honour
What was Elizabeth’s royal progress?
Essentially Elizabeth moving around England
What would happen with the court each summer?
the court would leave the unsanitary London and visit the great houses of elizabeth’s courtiers in southern and central england(at their expense).
When was the earl of Leicester’s water pageant?
in 1575
What was included in the earl of Leicester’s water pageant?
feasts and entertainment and representations of sea creatures and poems in the queen’s honour
What was the basis of Shakespeare’s ‘A midsummer night’s dream’?
the earl of Leicester’s water pageant
What was central to the patronage and faction system?
the court
What is patronage?
the reward the crown needed to give out to acknowledge the loyalty and the service of the political nation
How many men had political power in elizabethan england?
no more than 2,500
How many of the men who had political power in elizabethan england had directly attended court at some stage in their life?
approximately 1000. This considerable proportion reflects the importance of the function of the court.
What system did patronage underpin?
The faction system
Who did C Haigh say a courtier’s ‘following in his locality’ depended on?
‘his ability to provide patronage’
What 4 types of patronage were used by elizabeth?
-financial rewards that cost the crown
-financial rewards that did not cost the crown
-employment
-non-financial patronage
What are examples of financial rewards that cost the crown?
-pensions, gratuities and annuities
-wardship of crown lands
What are examples of financial rewards that did not cost the crown?
custom farms and monopolies
What are examples of Elizabeth using employment as a form of patronage?
- she gave out offices in the local system and the local administration
- she gave positions in the armed forces
-she gave positions in the church(bishoprics)
What are examples of non-financial forms of patronage elizabeth used?
-court honours
-knighthoods
-peerages
What roles did courtiers often also have?
as well as being courtiers, they were often ministers and members of parliament as well
What does it mean to have wardship over crown lands?
to be able to oversee crown lands
what is gratuity?
a large sum of money
what is annuity?
a large sum of money that is given each year
what was a custom farm?
where people would collect tax on imports
what were monopolies rights?
rights enabling people the right to control a bit of the economy
what were bishoprics?
areas controlled by bishops
did the court make laws?
no- that was the role of the privy council
what did Elizabeth use the court to do?
for getting truthful information from foreign ambassadors, projecting the cult of gloriana ,and for giving out patronages
How many great factional rivalries were there during Elizabeth’s reign?
3
Describe the factional rivalry between the earl of Sussex and the earl of Leicester
Leicester tried to get Sussex convicted of misconduct over his work in Ireland whilst Sussex tried to prove that leicester had murdered his wife. By 1566, the factions were carrying weapons and wearing their own party colours.
What was the earl of Leicesters faction colour?
Purple
What was the earl of sussex’s faction colour?
Yellow
What would have happened if Elizabeth hadn’t stepped in and forced reconciliation between the earl of Sussex and the earl of Leicester?
The re may have been a duel
Who did Elizabeth force to ride through London together in order to try and enforce reconciliation?
The earl of Sussex and the earl of Leicester
Which colours did Elizabeth ban from court due to factional rivalry between the earl of Sussex and the earl of Leicester?
Yellow and purple
Describe the factional rivalry between William Cecil and the earl of Leicester in the late 1560’s
this rivalry centred on Leicester’s ambition to marry Elizabeth and Leicester’s resentment on Cecil’s influence. Cecil was keen for Elizabeth to marry but he did not want Elizabeth to marry Leicester. Leicester even tried to get Cecil dismissed, but failed
Describe the factional rivalry between robert Cecil and the earl of Essex in the late 1590’s
Whilst robert Cecil looked to fill his father’s shoes, Essex wanted to replace Leicester as the queen’s favourite. Matters came to a head in 1601 when Essex returned without permission from his command of the queens forces in Ireland. He was convinced that Cecil was engineering his downfall and Elizabeth banned him from court and took away his monopolies. Essex then launched a doomed revolt and ended up being executed.
What does Regnum cecilinum mean/
A Cecil dominated government which went on to the Stuart period.
What happened when essex was banned from court?
his faction was weakened
Did Elizabeth put the earl of essex under house arrest?
Yes
What monopoly did Elizabeth take away from the earl of essex?
his monopoly on sweet wines
What was the role of the lord Chamberlain in the Elizabethan system of government?
The lord Chamberlain ran the household, supervised appointments and controlled access to the privy chamber
What was the role of the lord treasurer in the Elizabethan system of government?
The lord treasurer was responsible for keeping England solvent. He administrated ordinary revenues and kept government expenditure within limits
What was the role of the chancellor of the duchy of lancaster?
Administering the estates and revenues of the duchy of lancaster. In 1559, sir Ambrose cave’s duties also included administering the oath of supremacy, raising a militia and ajudicating in cases of murder, burglary and other felonies
What was the comptroller of the household?
The household accountant
When was William Cecil made lord Burghley?
In 1571
When was Robert Dudley made the earl of Leicester?
In 1564
What was the keeper of the Great seal?
An honorary office that gave the holder control over the physical means by which documents were legalised
What did the secretary of state do?
They were the queen’s principal advisor and were expected to deal with any state matter or administrative problem that arose e.g agenda of the privy council, minutes of the privy council, what the queen read, chairing the privy council in the absence of the queen
What did the vice Chamberlain do?
Assist the lord Chamberlain
How many years did William Cecil serve for?
40 years. From 1558 - 1598
When did William Cecil die?
1598
When was William Cecil secretary of state?
In 1558
When was William Cecil master of the court of wards?
1561
When was William Cecil lord treasurer?
In 1572
Was William Cecil romantic?
No. He was not a favourite or a consort to be flirted with
Did William Cecil have a large faction?
Yes, but he tried to avoid overplaying his postion
What did Elizabeth do whilst William Cecil was dying?
She fed him broth, she really did not want him to die.not only was he an excellent member of her government, but he was like a father figure to her as well
Who drafted the 1559 religious settlement?
William Cecil
Who negotiated the treaty of Edinburgh?
William Cecil
What did McCaffrey say about William Cecil?
That he was the ‘dynamo which kept… government running smoothly and effectively ‘
What did Lee say about William Cecil
That ‘he bought to administration an attention to detail and accuracy…he was..adept at solving problems ‘
After 1585, who helped Elizabeth cope with the financial and administrative burden of the war with Spain, whilst struggling with his own health?
William Cecil
who cut government expenditure, saved ordinary revenues and sold crown lands- enabling England to meet the cost of war in the 1580’s onwards?
william cecil
who was central to the privy council?
william cecil
who created a propaganda system which ensured public acceptance of Elizabeth’s political regime and her religious settlement?
william cecil
who ordered for the execution of mary queen of scots?
william cecil
what were the years of service of robert dudley?
1558-1588 (30 years)
did robert dudley have any major government roles?
No
who was made master of the queen’s horse in 1558?
robert dudley
when was robert dudley made a privy councillor?
in 1562
what did Lee say about William Cecil?
that he ‘prepared to resort to devious means’ and was ‘able and charismatic but, above all…. a destabilising influence’.
when did William Cecil’s factional rivalry die down and why?
in the 1570’s, as the international situation grew more serious and co-operation was needed
who passed the legislation through parliament and oversaw the purging of the house of lords?
william cecil
what is one criticism of william cecil?
that he was a more successful secretary of state than lord treasurer.
did william cecil exploit his control of patronage?
yes
what were the years of service of sir francis walsingham?
1558-1590 (32 years)
who was elizabeth’s spymaster and leading diplomat?
sir francis walsingham
who was Elizabeth’s spymaster and leading diplomat?
sir francis walsingham
who investigated the 1569 ridolfi plot?
sir francis walsingham
in 1570, who was the ambassador to france/ secretly helped the huguenots?
sir francis walsingham
who dealt with the Throckmorton and Babington plots?
sir francis walsingham
who built the most effective internal and external spy network in Europe?
sir francis walsingham
was sir francis walsingham romantic?
no
was sir francis walsingham part of a faction?
no, but he was personally close to william cecil
what did lee say about sir Francis Walsingham?
that he was ‘private, withdrawn and highly organised…with… a good eye for detail’. He continued that Walsingham was ‘above reproach as far as loyalty was concerned’.
who was second to William Cecil?
sir Francis Walsingham
what were the years of service of sir Walter Mildmay?
1558-1589 (31 years)
who was helpful in Elizabeth’s government, but also held positions under Edward VI and Mary?
sir Walter Mildmay
when was sir Walter Mildmay? treasurer of the Queen’s household?
in 1558
Who was made Chancellor of the Exchquer and auditor of the Duchy of Lancaster in 1566?
sir Walter Mildmay
Is sir Walter Mildmay often overlooked by historians?
yes
How did Lee describe sir Walter Mildmay?
as ‘a man of cultivation and of great piety’
what did Elizabeth think of sir Walter Mildmay?
she trusted him with her money and was known to have listened to his moderating arguments about taking a harder line with the puritans
Was sir Walter Mildmay close to William Cecil?
Yes
Who was sir Walter Mildmay’s brother in law?
Sir Francis Walsingham
What were the years of service of Sir Christopher Hatton?
1558-1591 (33 years)
When was Sir Christopher Hatton appointed Vice Chamberlain and a privy councillor?
in 1558
When was Sir Christopher Hatton appointed Lord Chancellor?
In 1587
Like Sir Walter Mildmay, which other Elizabethan politician is often underestimated?
Sir Christopher Hatton
What did Lee say about Sir Christopher Hatton?
that he was ‘the key stabilising factor of the reign.. the main channel to the legislative’.
Was Sir Christopher Hatton romantic?
He was a great dancer and flirted outrageously with the queen
When was Sir Christopher Hatton’s faction most influential?
In the 1570’s and the 1580’s
Who did Sir Christopher Hatton rival with slightly to be the Queen’s favourite in the 1580’s?
Sir Walter Raleigh
what were the years of service of Sir Walter Raleigh?
1581-1595(14 years)
when was Sir Walter Raleigh appointed Captain of the Queen’s bodyguard?
in 1585
when was Sir Walter Raleigh appointed Vice-admiral of Devon and Cornwall?
in 1588
What did R Wernham say about Sir Walter Raleigh ?
that his achievements were only really as an explorer. He was never even a privy councillor-just a distraction
In terms of romance, how did R Wernham describe Sir Walter Raleigh?
as ‘dashing and flamboyant’; however, he made the mistake of looking at a woman other than elizabeth. After his release from the tower, he was only really a minor figure.
who accused sir walter raleigh of treason?
James I, elizabeth’s sucessor
Who did Sir Walter Raleigh have factional disputes against?
Sir Christopher Hatton and Essex. However, he was not really bright enough to win
Who did Sir Walter Raleigh get preganant?
Elizabeth Throckmorton
When was Sir Walter Raleigh Queen Elizabeth’s favourite?
in 1581
When did Sir Walter Raleigh name Virginia after Elizabeth ?
in 1588
What were the years of service of Robert Deveruex?
1593- 1601 (8 years)
When did Robert Deveruex become a privy councillor?
in 1593
when did Robert Deveruex lead the fleet in the attack on the spanish fleet at cadiz?
in 1597
when was Robert Deveruex appointed to lead the army in ireland?
in 1599
What was Robert Deveruex ‘s title?
the earl of essex
what did lee say about Robert Deveruex ?
‘it is difficult to say anything positive…a wasted career’. he was ‘impatient, petulant and ruthless..he..played little direct part in the administrative process’
was Robert Deveruex part of a faction?
yes, he built a powerful faction but broke the system. This led to his downfall and revolt
what were the years of service of robert cecil?
1591 - 1603 (12 years)
when did robert cecil become a privy councillor?
in 1591
when was robert cecil appointed as secretary of state?
in 1596
when was Robert cecil appointed master of wards?
in 1599
By 1603, who had patronage powers beyond even those of his father?
robert cecil
what did Mervyn say about robert cecil?
‘his advancement was not rapid. His organisational skills were eventually recognised’. However, he was always an unpopular figure and some say this rubbed off on elizabeth
why was parliament bi-cameral?
because there was 2 chambers
Who did the house of lords consist of ?
unelected housing bishops, aristocrats and lords
Who did the house of commons consist of ?
people elected to represent the rest of the nation state
What were the 3 roles of Elizabethan parliament?
1) Granting money to the government when it was required (supply/subsidy)
2) Passing laws/legislate
3) Being a ‘point of contact’ between the government and the people of England
Was there a prime minister in the Elizabethan government?
No
Were there political parties in the Elizabethan government?
No
Was the problem with elections in the lower house (the house of commons)?
The MP needed the support of important people in their locality, elections were often rigged, only men with a certain annual income could vote
As well as Elizabeth, who controlled Elizabeth’s parliament?
Councillors, like William Cecil
Between 1589 and 1601, did Elizabeth require money from parliament to finance the Spanish war?
Yes
How many parliaments did Elizabeth call in her 45 year reign?
10 Parliaments
How many years passed between parliamentary sessions?
3
What percentage of MP’s spoke in parliamentary debates?
Only 10%
What percentage of MPS’s voted in parliament?
Only 47%
What is evidence that MP’s became more educated during Elizabeth’s reign?
in 1563, only 26% of MP’s had legal training . By 1593, this figure had risen to 44%. This meant that MPS’s were more able to question bills
How many acts were passed per parliamentary session?
33, which is more than any other Tudor monarch
What could Elizabeth do to stop bills passing in parliament?
The Royal Veto, which she used 34 times
What is histiography?
where historians draw different conclusions on topics
What is the historical debate surrounding Elizabeth and her parliament?
whether there was conflict or co-operation
What was the thesis of J.E Neale?
that conflict was the dominant theme of Elizabeth’s relationship with her parliament
What books did J.E Neale write?
‘The Elizabethan House of Commons’ and ‘Elizabeth i and her parliaments’
What are gentry?
Middle class
What did Neale argue was the central issue from which conflict formed in parliament?
Religion. He argued that there were Puritans in the house of commons, who prioritised their religion over their Queen. He called them ‘the puritan choir’.
What was the thesis of G.R Elton?
that co-operation was the dominant theme of Elizabeth’s relationship with her parliament
Did Elton reject the idea that Puritanism was a progressive political force?
Yes
Who questioned the existence of ‘the puritan choir’?
G.R Elton
Did Puritans sign the act of supremacy?
Yes
When did Elizabeth crush Protestant bills?
in 1566, 1571, 1572, 1586 and 1593
When did William Strickland propose a reformed prayer book?
in 1571
What did Elizabeth do to William Strickland after he proposed a reformed prayer book?
she excluded him from the house, but then she was forced to back down and re-admit him
When did Elizabeth have to send Anthony Cope and his Presbyterian supporters to the tower?
in 1587
What did Matters of State include?
-Religion
-Marriage
-Succession
-Foreign policy
-Monopolies
-Purveyance
What does the issue of marriage clearly link to?
Religion
When did Mary Tudor die?
in 1558
When did Elizabeth ask parliament to discuss the fate of Mary Guise?
in 1572 and 1586
who was the campaign for the execution of Mary Guise led by?
two councillors, Croft and Knolly
was it just parliament who wanted Elizabeth to marry?
No, it was a widespread idea in a nation that craved political and religious stability.
Did Councillors use the commons to pressure the Queen on the matter of marriage?
Yes, particularly Cecil
What did Alsop say about the connection between marriage and succession, and subsidies?
‘the connection between supply and succession was not as substantial as Sir John Neale suggests’.
Was Queen Elizabeth ever denied subsidies?
No
Whose choice was it for Elizabeth to receive a reduced subsidy sum from parliament in 1566?
Elizabeth’s
In which Parliament was conflict over Elizabeth’s marriage present in?
the second parliament
In terms of conflict, what did J.E Neale see as the second most important contributor to conflict?
Marriage and succession
When did Elizabeth almost die of smallpox?
in 1652
What were the years of the 2nd parliament?
1563-1567
Who did Neale argue Elizabeth faced pressure from to marry?
An organised campaign led by the university educated man Peter Wentworth. He suggested that they pressured the Queen to secure a Protestant heir to the throne by blackmailing her .
when did Elizabeth say she would marry?
‘marry as soon as I can conveniently’. she also privately added that it was a strange thing ‘that the foot should direct the head in such a weighty matter’.
Why was Elizabeth forced to issue an express commandment to stop the discussion of her marriage in the house of commons?
Because they continued to push for a direct answer on the question of her marriage
What provoked Wentworth’s ‘defence of liberty’ speech?
Elizabeth issuing an express commandment to stop the discussion of her marriage in the house of commons
What did Elizabeth do after Wentworth’s ‘defence of liberty’ speech?
Elizabeth prorogued Parliament out of anger ‘to be rid of an intolerable House of Commons’.
For Orthodox historians, was the issue of marriage and succession confined solely to the second parliament?
No and as Elizabeth passed child-bearing age, it evolved into pressure to execute Mary and name a Protestant successor
What are Parliamentary privileges?
Freedom of speech and freedom from arrest
What did A.G.R Smith say about Peter Wentworth?
that he was a ‘maverick’
What did M graves say about Peter Wentworth?
that his ‘views on free speech were well ahead of their time’ and that Wentworth was ‘little more than a parliamentary nuisance’.
How do we know that Wentworth’s views around the freedom of speech weren’t representative of the views of the rest of parliament?
Because it was actually his fellow MP’s who expelled him from the commons and imprisoned him in the tower for 4 weeks
What happened to the House of Commons as time went on according to Orthodox thinkers?
it became wealthier, more educated, independent, and increasingly aware of their parliamentary privileges
Did Neale believe that the Puritan choir wanted freedom of speech to push their religious views?
Yes
In 1576, what was Peter Wentworth’s argument regarding Freedom of speech?
that ‘there is nothing so necessary for the preservation of the prince and the state as free speech and without it, it is a scorn and a mockery to call it a Parliament House, for in truth it is none but a very school of flattery and dissimulation’.
when could Matters of State be discussed?
only when the monarch requested for them to be discussed?
when could matters of commonweal be discussed?
whenever Parliament wanted, Elizabeth didn’t need to be consulted beforehand
What do matters of Commonweal include?
-Local matters
-Private bills
-National Social Matters
-National Economic Matters
why does finance and monopolies have the best evidence for conflict?
because it is not linked to the puritan choir argument
do revisionists agree that the 1601 monopolies crisis was an example of conflict between elizabeth and the commons?
yes
who became the first monarch in history to be rewarded multiple subsidies, and when were these subsidies awarded
Elizabeth. In 1589 and in 1593, she was offered double subsidy rounds. In 1597, she was awarded a triple subsidy round. In 1601, she was awarded a quadruple subsidy
What did the Tudor system of government say about the granting of subsidies?
in the monarch’s first parliament, they should be granted a subsidy round. In ordinary times, the government should be financed by customs revenues and rents from the crowns own land rentals. Extra subsidies could only be requested in extra-ordinary times (such as war).
What did S.Atkins describe monopolies as?
a ‘royal patent for the sole right of exporting, importing, manufacturing, or distributing some particular article’.
did Elizabeth reward men for loyal service with monolpolies?
Yes
What monopoly did Raleigh have?
a monopoly on tavern licenses
What monopoly did the Earl of Essex have?
a monpoly on sweet wines
what happened with regards to monopolies in the 1601 Parliament?
In the 1601 Parliament, a list of monopolies created since 1597 was read and out and one caused MP William Hakewill to interrupt and say ‘is not bread there?’ and to then add, ‘if order be not taken for these, bread will be there before the next parliament’.
Who dubbed monopolists the ‘bloodsuckers of the commonwealth’?
an MP
What did Robert Cecil say over the disruption over the list of monopolies being read out in the 1601 Parliament?
Robert Cecil damned the behaviour as ‘more fit for a grammar school than a parliament house’.
What happened after Elizabeth gave her famous Golden speech?
Elizabeth cancelled 12 monopolies overnight, halted others in the works, and made monopolists answerable to the common law courts.
In what year was the monopolies crisis?
1601
What did Graves describe Thomas Norton as ?
‘Cecil’s client’
Who appointed the speaker in parliament?
The government
What could the speaker decide?
If someone spoke or not
What did the House of Lords consist of?
60 noblemen, 2 archbishops and 24 bishops
What did the House of Commons consist of?
around 400 MP’s
who were the MP’s in the House of Commons elected by?
the borough voters or those in their counties if they were seen as having more status
what were proposed laws called?
bills
what were passed laws called?
acts
Why did attendance figures of MPS’s at parliament decrease over the years?
because of the complexity of travel
in 1571, what happened as a result of parliamentary attendance being so poor?
fines were introduced for non-attendance. However, this didn’t work and larger fines were imposed in later parliaments
on average, what percentage of MP’s in any parliament had sat in the previous one?
40 %
was attendance better in the House of Commons or in the House of Lords?
In the House of Lords
in what year did Elizabeth expel Strickland from the House of Commons?
In 1571
Why did Elizabeth never suspend an MP from the House of commons again after suspending William Strickland in1571?
Because this action gained a lot of opposition
Did Elizabeth want Mary Queen of Scots and the Duke of Norfolk to be executed?
No, but she received a lot of pressure from parliament
What bill did Elizabeth veto in 1571?
One which would have introduced heavy fines for those who refused to take Communion in the church of England
When did Elizabeth veto a bill that would have introduced heavy fines for those who refused to take Communion in the church of England ?
In 1571
What was religion like when Elizabeth first came to the throne in 1558?
There was probably a small Catholic majority
Under Edward’s rule in 1547, what Catholic rebellion was there in Cornwall?
The Prayer Book Rebellion
When was the pilgrimage of grace?
In 1537
With regards to religion, what happened in the 1540’s?
Much of Northern Europe broke from the Catholic church and became Protestant
Who was Martin Luther?
A German friar who wanted to change the corrupt state of the church .i.e the way priests and bishops would use their positions to make fortunes for themselves.
Why didn’t the pope and many other churchmen follow Martin Luther’s ideas?
Because they believed that Luther’s ideas were dangerous for men’s souls and also realised that if the followed Luther, then they’d lose all of their power
Were Protestants initially governed by a council of bishops and not the pope?
yes
In Catholic churches, what language was the bible and services in?
Latin
In Protestant churches, what language was the bible and services in?
English
What were the services and building like in Catholic churches?
colourful and decorative
What were the services and building like in Protestant churches?
simple and plain
were priests married or unmarried in Catholicism?
Unmarried
were ministers married or unmarried in Protestantism?
they could marry if they wanted to
In Catholic churches, who told people what they had to believe and was this the same in Protestant churches?
In Catholic churches, priests told people what they had to believe. In the Protestant church, people were encouraged to read the bible and find answers for themselves.
In Catholicism, was their a strong belief in the power of saints and relics?
Yes
In Protestantism, was their a strong belief in the power of saints and relics?
no
What did Pope Paul III decide in the 1530’s?
he decided that it was useless to stop the spread of Protestantism by force and he set about reforming some of the bad areas of the Catholic church
What reforms did Pope Paul III make to the Catholic church?
any priest who missed mass was punished, colleges were set up to educate parish priests , some out of date ides were changed, many older and stricter Catholic beliefs were enforced, and priests were organised like an army who were completely dedicated to reforming and strengthening the Catholic church
who said that Elizabeth was ‘indifferent in religion’?
AF Pollard
what does the phrase, ‘did not want to make windows into the souls of men’ mean?
That Elizabeth didn’t mind people’s religious beliefs, so long as they were practiced in private. However, she did expect outward conformity.
who said that Elizabeth was ‘a committed and conventionally pious Protestant’?
S Doran
What is an example of a Protestant text Elizabeth translated i nher youth?
Erasmus’ ‘Dialogus Fidei’
was there the elevation of the host at Elizabeth’s coronation?
no
What did Elizabeth do on Christmas day 1558?
she walked out of church rather than witness Bishop Oglethorpe elevate the host (this was part of the Catholic belief in transubstantiation)
Did Elizabeth like married clergy ?
No, and the idea that clergy shouldn’t be married was a Catholic belief
did Elizabeth like or dislike church music?
she liked church music
did Elizabeth believe that religious images were idolatrous?
no
what does ‘via media’ mean?
a middle way or a compromise
What are the components of the 1559 religious settlement?
The act of supremacy, the act of uniformity and the royal injunctions
Did the act of uniformity initially pass through the Catholic-dominated House of Lords?
No, only after the Marian bishops were forced to resign
List all the components of the Act of Supremacy
- Elizabeth was given the title of ‘Supreme Governor’ of the Church of England.
- People had to swear an oath of loyalty to Elizabeth as ‘supreme governor’ and as most Catholic bishops refused to do this, Elizabeth could replace Catholic priests and JP’’s with more Protestant ones
- The episcopy remained the same, with a hierarchy of bishops and archbishops
List all the components of the Act of Uniformity
- A new Book of Common Prayer was introduced. This attempted to appeal to everyone.
- Altars were replaced with more Protestant communion tables, although Catholic decorations such as crosses and candles could be placed on them.
- The dress of priests remained largely Catholic
- In church there was music, and stained glass windows
List all the components of the Royal Injunctions
- Preachers had to be licensed, this would help curb the number of more radical Puritan preachers.
- Preachers had to preach at least once every month.
- Every church had to possess a bible in English , in order to make the bible more accessible to all.
- Pilgrimages were banned. This was an attack on a Catholic practice.
- No more altars were to be destroyed, which would’ve pleased Catholics
- Wafers could still be used at communion, which pleased Catholics
- The instruction forbidding kneeling at communion was removed
What did Elizabeth like about the Act of Supremacy?
Elizabeth would’ve liked the control she got from being the ‘Supreme Governor’, she effectively had the same powers as her father , whilst avoiding controversy with the Protestants and Catholics.
How would the Puritans have felt about the Act of Supremacy?
- May have dislike the Act of Supremacy quite a lot because they believed that the only authority should be the bible - not the bishops or the queen.
- however, would’ve liked how Protestants replaced resigned Catholic bishops
How would the Catholics have felt about the Act of Supremacy?
-Would’ve been pleased with the episcopy and the fact that the church organisation with the hierarchy of bishops and archbishops remained the same.
-Would’ve disliked Elizabeth being the Supreme Governor because they had to sign an oath of loyalty to her. All Catholic bishops, but 1, refused to sign this oath
How would Elizabeth have felt about the Act of Uniformity?
-Elizabeth would’ve been quite happy with the Act of Uniformity because it suited all of her personal tastes. Despite being a committed Protestant, Elizabeth allowed music and other Catholic decorations in Church.
-However, Elizabeth would’ve disliked the practice of transubstantiation being allowed
How would the Puritans have felt about the Act of Uniformity?
-Puritans would’ve been content with some of the Act of Uniformity as it was mostly Protestant.
-However, Puritans would’ve disliked the Catholic features of the church e.g. stained glass windows.
-Protestants also weren’t content with only attending Church on Sundays, so many met in private throughout the week.
How would Catholics have felt about the Act of Uniformity?
-Not liked it a lot because it was mostly Protestant e.g bibles having to be in english
-However, Catholics would’ve been content with their colourful and lively way of worship being allowed (Elizabeth liked it)
How would Elizabeth have felt about the Royal Injunctions?
-Elizabeth would’ve been content with the Royal injunctions because they helped to reinstate all of her religious policy aims.
-However, Elizabeth did have to try to be quite lenient to the Catholics e.g by allowing the use of wafers in transubstantiation
How would Puritans have felt about the Royal Injunctions?
-Mostly content. Clergy now had to wear more Protestant garments, bible services were held in English, the Articles were very Protestant, pilgrimages were banned,.
-However, Puritans would’ve been discontent with the idea of preachers having to be licensed, the fact that altars could no longer be destroyed, wafers being used in communion, the kneeling at communion being allowed, the fact that clerical marriage was discouraged
How would Catholics have felt about the Royal Injunctions?
- Would’ve been mostly discontent with the royal injunctions. There were many Protestant laws such as possessing a bible in english, the banning of pilgrimages, dissolving the monasteries, the wearing of Edwardian garments etc.
-Even what should’ve pleased Catholics didn’t because things that weer iniitally banned were now allowed, and mnay Catholicsd felt like thwese things shouldve been allowed in the first place e.g kneeling at communion
who referred to themselves as ‘true gospellers’ and ‘the Godly’?
Puritans
Who called Puritans ‘the radical alternative to the Anglican church’?
S Doran
What had happen to Puritan ideologies in exile?
They had become more radical
What did one Elizabethan puritan describe the pope as?
‘the rose-coloured whore seated upon the Beast’
What 2 things separated Puritans from Anglican Protestants?
- Puritans believed that the Church should be reformed as quickly as possible and they didn’t care about the practicalities of doing so.
-Puritans also believed that religion and state should be separated. They believed that the bible was the only true authority
What were the 3 main strands of Puritanism?
The moderates, The Presbyterians, The Separists
In what era were the Moderates mostly present?
The 1560’s
In what era were the Presbyterians mostly present?
The 1570’s
In what era were the Separatists mostly present?
1580’s
what were Puritans?
radical Protestants
did puritans like practices that weren’t commanded in the bible?
no
what are some examples of practices that weren’t commanded in the bible?
bowing at the name of Jesus, kneeling to receive communion, the use of a ring in marriage, the use of the sign of the cross in baptism, the wearing of vestments
what was one way that bishops could gain income?
through owning land
what was the first Puritan challenege to ELizabeth?
the moderate challenge
what did the moderates try to do overall?
they tried to work from within the church to reform its structure and doctrines
what did the Presbyterians want?
the removal of all bishops and archbishops. Instead, they wanted a Calvinist model of local and elected elders running the church
What did the Separatists want overall?
they wanted to disband from the Elizabethan church completely because they weren’t willing to compromise
What was the first challenge from the moderates?
At the 1563 Convocation of Canterbury. Here, Puritans sought to ‘further purify’ the church of England. Plans were based on the 42 articles from Edwards VI’s harsher protestant reign and the overall opinion was that ‘the Holy Scriptures contained all things necessary for Salvation’. Their plans were only defeated by 1 vote.
Did the moderates like the appointment of Matthew Parker as Archbishop of Canterbury?
No. He hadn’t been a Marian exile and so wasn’t seen as as true gospeller and he also didn’t understand their struggles.
Describe the 1566 Vestments controversy
the Act of Uniformity meant that Vestments were very Catholic and so they were described as ‘the dress of the Anti-Christ’. 37 priests refused to follow the instructions regarding vestments and so were removed from office as a consequence. This challenge failed
what did the so-called ‘Puritan Choir’ propose?
the 39 Articles however, they remained untouched by Elizabeth
Did Elizabeth have to actively suppress the moderates?
not really
Why did the Presbyterians directly challenge Elizabeth’s prerogative?
Because they wanted bishops and archbishops to be removed and Elizabeth got her power through the episcopy
When did Thomas Cartwright argue for the abolition of the episcopy?
In 1569
Why, in 1569, did Thomas Cartwright want the episcopy to be abolished?
Because of there being no evidence for the episcopy in the bible. He argued that it would be better to have a Presbyterian model which would separate the church and the crown.
Was Thomas Cartwright a Moderate, A Presbyterian or a Separatist?
A Presbyterian
Did Thomas Cartwright’s ideas challenge Elizabeth’s Royal Prerogative?
Yes
What did Thomas Cartwright do after issuing admonitions about the church of England and Wilcox and Field being arrested?
He fled into exile
As well as Thomas Cartwright, who else issued admonitions about the Church of England?
John Field and Thomas Wilcox
Was John Field a Moderate, A Presbyterian or a Separatist?
A Presbyterian
Was Thomas Wilcox a Moderate, A Presbyterian or a Separatist?
A Presbyterian
Why were John Field and Thomas Wilcox sent to Newgate prison?
because of their challenges to Elizabeth’s prerogative through the admonitions they issued
When did Field and Wilcox issue admonitions about the church of England?
in 1572
Give an example of a powerful Presbyterian ally?
Walsingham, who wanted a more aggressive Protestant foreign policy
Who became archbishop of Canterbury in 1575?
Edmund Grindal
Was Edmund Grindal a former Marian exile?
Yes
Who’d ordained John Field?
Edmunf Grindal
Did Edmund Grindal support the Puritan stance on vestments?
Yes
Why was Edmund Grindal suspended in 1576?
Because he was a Presbyterian sympathiser and turned a blind eye to prophesying gatherings, despite Elizabeth ordering for their suppression
How did Presbyterians respond to the suspension of Edmund Grindal?
By promoting ‘Walter Traver’s Full and Plain Declaration of Ecclesiastical Discipline’. This presented a Purtitan book of worship. Essential ‘how to be a good Puritan’.
How did Archbishop John Whitgift respond to the promotion of the Presbyterian book of worship?
he suspended 300 clergy and forcefully established controls to ensure that the 1559 Act of Uniformity was obeyed.
how were relations with Spain in the 1580’s?
they were worsening and there was less tolerance of religious difference
did Separatists realise that working within the church to bring about religious reform wouldn’t work?
Yes
What did Robert Browned do?
He denied Royal Supremacy and argued that the Queen should be completely separate from religion in his ‘Treatise for reformation without tarrying for any’.
by the 1580’s, was Presbyterianism illegal?
yes
When were Tasker and Copping hanged?
in 1583
who were tasker and copping?
separatists who were supporters of Robert Browne
What were tasker and copping hanged for?
treason under the recusancy laws
who were Queen Elizabeth’s first executions of Purtians?
Tasker and Copping
When were separatists John Greenwood and Henry Bacon hanged for sedition?
in 1593
what is sedition?
verbal treason
What were the Martin Marprelate Tracts?
A series of 6 pamphlets and a broadsheet printed on a secret press between October 1588 and September 1589. It was distributed with the help of well organuised Purtian networks and it attacked the Elizabethan church, particularly the givernment of bishops.
were the Martin Marprelate Tracts popular?
yes
What was the most significant Separatist action?
the Martin Marprelate Tracts
Who was most likely the author of the Martin Marprelate Tracts?
Warwickshire gentlemen Job Throckmorton assisted by Welsh Cleric, John Penry
Who did the Martin Marprelate Tracts spark outrage from?
the bishop of winchester
who said ,’not only was the Separatist challenge successfully dealt with, but the government was able to use it to portray all Puritans as subversive at a time when national unity was required in the fight against Spain’?
N Fellows
What did the ‘Act against seditious sectaries’ do?
helped to punish those denying the Queen’s authority in religious matters and also punished those who refused to attend an anglican service.
did the Martin Marprelate tracts damage the image of Puritans?
yes
At what point did the Puritan movement start withering away?
in the 1590’s
Why did the Puritan movement start to wither away in the 1590’s?
because key supporters like Leicester, Walsingham and Warwick all died; the war with Spain made Puritanism seem out of step with the national mood; the ‘act against seditious sectaries’ provided a very effective legislative framework to attack any fresh challenges.
did Puritans manage to change the Act of Supremacy or the Act of Uniformity?
No
Elizabeth’s archbishops
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Who was Elizabeth’s archbishop from 1559 to 1575?
Parker
Which of Elizabeth’s archbishops faced the least threat?
Parker
why did Puritans dislike Parker?
Because he had not been a Marian exile and so they felt as though he did not understand their struggles
Did Parker want to be archbishop?
No
What were Parker’s aims?
- To defend clerical marriage
- To persuade clergy to accept the vestments and the act of uniformity
- To firmly lead the new church
What are some examples of Parker achieving his aims ?
- Proposals of more Puritan measures were defeated.
- The issuing of his 1566 Advertisements.
- He managed to see of the Moderates at the Complication of Canterbury.
- He managed to see off the Puritan choir in the House of Commons .
- He managed to produce an inclusive religious settlement.
What are some examples of Parker failing to achieve his aims ?
- The arousal of a pamphlet war.
- He didn’t sniff out Catholicism fast enough.
- The 1569 Northern rising and the excommunication bill
What is the overall judgement of Parker?
He was well educated, untainted and had Genevan ideas and experience, which made him relatively reliable and successful overall
Which archbishop ruled from 1575 to 1583?
Archbishop Grindal
Is it true that Grindal disliked the system of Archbishops and Bishops?
Yes
What were the aims of Archbishop Grindal?
- He held some Puritan ideas, however he believed that uniformity should be maintained.
- He believed that Prophesying was a way of education and should be legal.
- He wanted more than 3-4 preachers in each county.
What are the evidence of Grinfal’s success?
Whilst he was archbishop, more prophesyings took place.
What is the evidence of Grindal’s failure?
- He was suspended and placed under house arrest.
- Elizabeth dismissed his letters asking for more preachers.
- His suspension lasted until his death in 1583.
What is the overall judgement of Grindal?
- He was well-educated and was supported by some Puritans; however, his judgement to dismiss Prophesying brought his suspension
- He also discredited the Church and Elizabeth.
When was Archbishop Whitgift’s rule?
1583- 1604
Which Archbishop of Canterbury dealt with the Separatists challenge?
Whitgift
What were the aims of Archbishop Whitgift?
- To make sure people did not challenge Elizabeth’s Royal Prerogative.
- To ensure that people were following the Act of Uniformity.
- Although he had Puritan beliefs, he put the queen and her religious settlement above everything else.
What is the evidence of Whitgift’s success?
- He ensured that Cartwright was removed from his profession after he challenged the queen, which proved to be a warning to those who wanted to oppose Elizabeth.
- He became Bishop of Worchester after his written reply to the Admonition to the Parliament.
What is evidence of Whitgift’s failure?
Although he was generally successful and one of the Queen’s favourites, he aroused concern amongst some lawyers.
What is the overall judgement of Whitgift?
- Overall Whitgift was very successful.
- In 1584, Elizabeth made clear her support for Whitgift and made him a member of the Privy Council.
- Elizabeth died holding Whitgift’s hand
When Elizabeth came to the throne in 1558, was there still support for Catholicism ?
Yes
What did E Duffy say in ‘The Stripping of the Altars’?
- That in 1559 in Protestant Kent, ‘the Corpus Christi procession attracted a crowd of 3,000 in a last public gesture of allegiance to the traditional faith’.
- Hence, at the start of Elizabeth’s reign there was still a committed Catholic majority that had not ‘abandoned hope of the continuance of something of the old faith’.
What evidence is there that the initial Catholic threat to the 1559 Religious Settlement was real and substantive?
- Elizabeth and Cecil were forced to include many things to please, or appease, Catholics in the settlement. For example, allowing transubstantiation in the Act of Uniformity. Moreover, in the Act of Supremacy, ‘the church organisation owed much to the Catholic model of a clear hierarchy’. (N Fellows)
- Elizabeth and Cecil felt as if they could only dare to impose the very mildest of penalties for passive resistance by Catholics. Hence, there was only a 12d fine for failing to attend church.
- Despite the more moderate terms of the religious settlement, the Act of Uniformity only passed through the House of Lords because of the imprisonment of 2 Bishops in the Tower of London and the absence of the Abbot of Westminster.
- Reports for the Privy Council showed that Catholicism remained very strong outside the South East. In 1564, it suggested that a majority of JP’s were Catholic and in 1578 in Weaverham, Cheshire, the Catholic form of worship still continued without challenge. This showed that in order to enforce the religious settlement in the localities, Elizabeth needed to gain the support of the local gentry.
- All the Marian Bishops, except Kitchen of Landaff, resigned rather than swear the Oath of Supremacy.
What did N Fellows argue about Elizabeth’s religious settlement?
- That ‘it was only the Pope’s lack of early action that allowed Elizabeth to establish both herself and her church’.
Is it true that early on in Elizabeth’s reign, the Catholic threat remained as only an organised opposition in the House of Lords and that most Catholics swa little reason to risk open rebellion?
Yes
What was followed by most Catholics in England in the 1560’s?
‘Survivalism’, as said by J Bossy
When did Mary Queen of Scots flee to England to seek aid to crush a Protestant rebellion in Scotland?
In 1568
Is it true that Mary Queen of Scots was popular in England?
Yes, and William Cecil stated that the ‘greater number’ regarded her as Elizabeth’s lawful successor.
Why did Elizabeth opt to put Mary Queen of Scots under house arrest for 18 years?
- Because she didn’t want to help Mary Queen of Scots as this could make Mary more powerful and potentially result in Elizabeth’s overthrowal.
- But Elizabeth didn’t want to kill a legitimate queen due to her own personal beliefs and also because she did not want to provoke the pope.
What 3 events increased the nature of the Catholic church towards Elizabeth?
- Mary Queen of Scots arriving in England in 1568.
- The founding of the Douai Seminary in 1569.
- Elizabeth’s excommunication in 1570.
What is an external threat to Elizabeth?
A threat that comes form outside of England.
What did William Allen do in an attempt to keep English Catholicism alive?
He founded an English Catholic Seminary at Douai in France in 1568.
Why did WIlliam Allen feel the need to establish the Douai Seminary?
Because existing Catholic priests were dying off and Catholicism can’t exist without priests.
What is a seminary?
A school for priests
When did the first Douai priest arrive in England?
In 1574
By 1575, how many Douai Priests had arrived in England?
11
By 1580, how many Douai priests were there in England?
100
What did the Douai priests do?
- They travelled around England, trying to keep the old Catholic faith alive, and they also hoped to convert some Protestants to Catholicism
- They also argued for a return to the Council of Trent’s reforms, but still pledged political loyalty to Elizabeth.
When did the Society of Jesuits begin their mission in England?
In 1580
What’s the difference between the Douai priests and the Jesuits?
Whilst the Douai priests pledged political loyalty to Elizabeth, the Douai priests rejected any compromise with the Queen. In particular, due to the excommunication, they called for a foreign invasion to impose the counter-reformation and to overthrow Elizabeth
Who were the most famous Jesuits?
Robert Parsons and Edward Campion
Is it true that the action of the Jesuits were considered to be treasonous?
Yes
How many of the priests and Jesuits that travelled to England were excecuted?
98 out of 438
Was the action of the Jesuits considered to be against the Act of Seditious Sectaries?
Yes
When was Edward Campion executed?
in 1581
what is treason?
a political crime
what is heresy?
a religious crime
Why were Catholic priests tried for treason instead of heresy?
To reduce sympathy for them as martyrs with the general public
Why weren’t the Jesuits and Douai priests successful?
-cause they made Catholicism treasonous.
- because they only focused on the rich and the gentry
- because they only focused on the South East and other Protestant areas
- because they contradicted each other.
What was treason redefined as in 1581??
any subject who withdrew allegiance from the Queen or her church. Recusancy fines increased to £20 per month.
What did Parliament make treasonous in 1585?
becoming a priest, and they tested this with the so called ‘bloody question’, where the accused were asked to choos ebetween loyalty to the Pope and the Queen.
When was Elizabeth excommunicated?
in 1570
What did the Papul Bull do?
-It called for the deposition or murder of Elizabeth as God’s work
-It absolved any oath to the Queen and so Elizabeth now saw any Catholic as a potential traitor.
What did the Papal Bull encourage?
It encouraged rebellion, there were 14 assassination attempts on Elizabeth.
What was the first serious Catholic challenge to Elizabeth?
The 1569 Northern Rebellion
When was the Northern rebellion?
In 1569
Who led the Northern Rebellion?
- Charles Neville, Earl of Westmoreland.
- Thomas Percy, Earl of Northumberland.
What did the Earl of Westmoreland and the earl of Northumberland do?
In November 1569, they rode into the fortress city of Durham with over 4,500 men, stormed the cathedral and destroyed the English Bible and Protestant communion table. A Catholic Mass was then celebrated – an act that was illegal in England and Wales.
What was the aim of the Northern Rebellion of 1569?
To put Mary Queen of Scots on the throne
What were the reasons behind the 1569 Northern Rebellion?
- religious motives
- factional motives, as they beleived that Cecil had become too influential at court
- local issues, as the earls were pushed ointo the rebellion by their tenants and by Sussex
Why did the Northern Rebellion fail?
- There was poor planning and leadership.
- Elizabeth acted quickly and with force. She sent the Earl of Sussex and several thousand troops North. She also executed over 800 rebels and this posed as a warning for other potential rebels.
- Elizabeth was a popular ruler.
- There was a lack of foreign support for the rebels.
- Many Northern Gentry were slow to get involved. For example, the Earl of Cumberland failed to act.
Is it true that in 1572, the Earl of Northumberland was caught, found guilty of treason and executed?
Yes
Is it true that the Earl of Westmoreland managed to flee to Europe, but he lived in exile for the rest of his life and died in poverty?
Yes
What Catholic threat did Elizabeth in 1571?
The Ridolfi plot
Describe the Ridolfi plot
- Roberto Ridolfi, an Italian banker, planned to assassinate Elizabeth and make Mary Queen. He had the support of King Philip II of Spain, the Duke of Norfolk, and Mary, Queen of Scots herself.
How did Elizabeth react to the Ridolfi plot?
The plot was uncovered by Elizabeth’s advisor, Cecil. Ridolfi and the Spanish ambassador were arrested and expelled from the country and Norfolk was executed as a result.
Describe the 1583 Throckmorton Plot
A young Catholic man, Francis Throckmorton, organised a plan for a French army to invade England and replace Elizabeth with Mary, Queen of Scots, paid for by the Pope and King Philip II of Spain.
How did Elizabeth react to the Throckmorton plot?
Throckmorton was executed and Mary was moved to Tutbury Castle in Staffordshire, where she was held in isolation and allowed no visitors.
Describe the 1586 Babington Plot
Sir Anthony Babington planned to rescue Mary, Queen of Scots from jail and murder Elizabeth. Secret letters between the plotters and Mary were discovered which gave the evidence needed to prove Mary’s guilt.
How did Elizabeth react to the Babington plot?
This finally led to the execution of Mary, Queen of Scots, Babington and six other plotters.
Why wasn’t there much of a threat from Catholics in Elizabeth’s early years?
because Elizabeth had not yet been excommunicated and because the major Catholic powers France an dSpain were involved in their own religious wars. s
What did the excommunication, the execution of Mary Queen of Scots, and Elizabeth’s funding of Protestant rebels in the Spanish Netherlands catalyse?
Philip II’s crusade against England.
When was England at war with Spain?
Between 1585 and 1604
Is it true that although the Armada were defeated in 1588, Philip launched other attacks in 1596, 1597 and landed troops in Ireland in 1601?
Yes
Who were recusants ?
People who refused to go to church
When did Parliament urge Elizabeth to execute Mary and Norfolk?
In 1572
When was the Massacre of St Barhtolomew?
In 1572
When did the Privy Council and Parliament press even harder for Mary’s execution?
In 1586
Is it true that the Catholic threat changes from ‘survivalism’ to actually seeking to remove Elizabeth from the throne?
Yes
When is the key turning point of the Catholic challenge?
1568-1570. This is due to increased external intervention.
Why didn’t Elizabeth want Mary Queen of Scots to be executed?
Because Elizabeth believed in the Divine RIght of Kings
When is Mary under house arrest at Fotheringhay Castle?
1568-1587
Why was Catholicism a more serious threat to Elizabeth than Puritanism?
Because Puritanism only ever tried to challenge the Royal Prerogative on religion. In contrast, Catholicism challenged the monarch itself after 1570 and this resulted in there being rebellions, assassination attempts and invasion plots against Elizabeth.
Are finance and economics interchangeable?
No
What does economics include?
- Oversees trade
- Industry
- Agriculture
- ENclosure
- Reforms
- Slavery
What does finance include?
- Money
- Revenue
- Expenditure
- Taxation
- Marian Debt
- Inflation
- Failure to undertake financial reform
- Financing of the Spanish War
What do social matters include?
Poverty, poor relief
Which parts of Elizabeth’s reign usually get the most criticism?
Elizabeth’s financial policy and her Irish policy
What did R Sloan describe Elizabeth’s financial policy as?
’ poisoned chalice’… ‘in which Elizabeth’s cautious and short sighted approach to government proved most damaging’
What financial problems did Elizabeth have?
- Marian debt and expenditure problems.
- Inflation, particularly at the start of her reign.
- The need to reform/ update ordinary Crown revenue
- The financing of the Spanish War
Did Elizabeth solve the Marian debt and expenditure problem successfully?
Yes
Did Elizabeth solve the inflation problem successfully?
No, as over her 45 year reign, prices went up by 75%
Did Elizabeth solve the financing the Spanish War problem successfully?
Yes, she managed to raise the £4million she needed to finance the war
Did Elizabeth solve the reforming of the Marian book of rates problem successfully?
No, and this significantly weakened the financial independence of the crown
Who updated the national tax records under Mary I ?
Winchester
How did Mary I updating the book of rates help her?
It increased the crown’s annual income from £29,000 per year in 1556 to £83,000 in 1557.
Who was England at war with in 1558?
Against France and Scotland, allied with Spain
Despite updating the tax records, how much debt did Mary I leave behind for Elizabeth?
£227,000
What is usary?
An interest rate over 10%
How much of the Marian debt was owed to Antwerp?
£106,000 at an exchange of 14% interest per annum. This was close to usary.
How much money did Elizabeth have in her cash reserve by 1585 due to her decreased expenditure?
£300,000
Is it true that Elizabeth used her progresses as a fee form of housing?
Yes
Why didn’t England go bankrupt in the 1570’s?
Due to Elizabeth decreasing expenditure.
When was Elizabeth debt free by ?
1574
Why was the fact that Elizabeth inherited a debased coinage an issue?
Because this caused inflation early on in ELizabeth’s reign.
When was the coinage debased?
In 1544 and in 1551
How did Elizabeth slow down the effects of inflation in the 1560’s and 1570’s?
By rebasing the coinage in 1558
What were Elizabeth’s early financial successes?
Dealing with the Marian debt and dealing with inflation by rebasing the coinage
What did DM Palliser say about Elizabeth rebasing the coinage?
that ‘her revaluation did much for England’s international satning’…it….. ‘was also a domestic success, if judged by its effectiveness and permanence’.
What does Elizabeth’s tomb cite as her greatest achievements?
- her rebasement of the coinage
- the 1559 religious settlement
- the defeat of the armada
Elizabeth’s early financial successes included: her dealing with the Marian debt by reducing expenditure and her reducing inflation by rebasing the coinage.
What were Elizabeth’s early financial failures?
- Not creating a network of professional tax collectors.
- Not updating the book of rates
- Not introducing laws to prohibit the practice of usury soon enough
What did the 1571 Act Against Usury state?
That no loan could charge interest above 10% per annum.
Who prevented Elizabeth from stopping the practice of usury sooner?
William Cecil, as he didn’t want to provoke the Spanish.
What were Elizabeth’s early financial achievements?
- Reducing expenditure, leaving herself with a savings account of £300,000.
- Reducing inflation by debasing the coinage.
What were Elizabeth’s early financial failures?
- Not introducing reforms regarding tax collection, as this created a false economy where JP’s pocketed some of the tax money.
- Taking 12 years to remove the practice of the usury.
- Not updating the Marian Book of Rates
What caused the 75% inflation rate in Elizabethan England?
- Monetary reasons, such as: debasement, and new world silver entering the economy.
- Non monetary reasons, such as: the Spanish war, problems in Agriculture, population growth.
What are monetary reasons?
Increased money in the economy.
What are non-monetary reasons?
Increased economic activity, or less resources.
What do agricultural problems include?
Enclosure, population growth
When were the inflation peaks during Elizabeth’s reign?
the 1560’s and the 1590’s. The latter is described as more ‘close to hyperinflation’ by Andrew Pickering.
Was there a lot of inflation across Europe during the Elizabethan era?
Yes
New World Silver entering the European economy
- Elizabeth’s reign saw the continued Hasburg importation of silver from places like the Spanish nines in Peru. However, this did not have as big as an impact on England as it did on other European countries.
What happened after the terrible influenza outbreak in the early 1560’s?
England’s population rose from 3 million in 1561 to 4.1 million in 1601.
Although population growth resulted in there being more mouths to feed and thus higher grain prices, is it true that food production usually increased in line with population increase?
Yes
What did the Tudors believe to be the cause of inflation?
Enclosure
What was enclosure?
the conversion of arable open fields into closed fields for pasture, sheep farming
When was the Act for the Maintaining of Tillage passed?
in 1563
When was the Statues against Conversions to Pasture passed?
In 1598
What percentage of England was enclosed by the end of Elizabeth’s reign?
9%
When were there bad harvests?
1594 -1597
Between 1594 and 1597 was there a famine in England due to bad harvests?
Yes, but enclosure was still blamed and in 1596, there were enclosure riots.
How much did Elizabeth raise and spend when financing he Spanish War?
£4 million
What were the 3 most important causes of inflation during the Elizabethan era?
1) Population growth
2) The Spanish war
3) Bad harvests (agriculture)
What were the effects of inflation?
- As the Nation’s principle land owner, the Crown suffered a weakening of its overall position. Rents were quickly devalued by inflation and this forced the Crown to sell the land they owned.
- Some members of the aristocracy were forced to sell their land, but some actually gained via the practice of rack-renting.
- The gentry and to a lesser extent the yeomen and husbandmen, generally did the best from inflation. They picked up cheap land that the aristocracy and crown had to sell in a hurry.
- The wage-earning labourers were hit the hardest by inflation/ The rising population kept wages down and if they didn’t have their own land, they were at a high risk of extreme poverty and starvation. In 1596, there were food riots in Oxfordshire because of this.
What did Lockyer and O’Sullivan estimate about Elizabethan finance?
that if customs revenue had kept pace with inflation, then by 1603, Elizabeth would’ve been receiving £168,000 per annum rather than the actual figure which was well below £100,000.
What were the sources of ordinary revenue (income) for the Elizabethan system of government?
- Rentals from crown lands.
- Custom duties/custom farms (taxes on import tariffs).
- Fruits of Justice Fines
- Wardships
Why didn’t Elizabeth and Cecil update the Marian book of rates?
Because they realised that this would’ve been politically unpopular.
Is it true that the Marquess of Winchester was allowed to keep the £34,000 in taxation that he had collected for her on his lands?
Yes
Give examples of the system of tax declaration being widely abused?
- In 1534, there were 15 nobles who were assessed by Henry 8th as having an annual income of over £1000. By 1571, self regulation under Elizabeth meant that this figure had fallen to 9 nobles. By 1601, only 1 noble admitted to such an income.
- In 1589, at the height of the Spanish war, William Cecil declared his income as £133, 6s and 8d. It is believed that the actual figure was closer to £4000.
How did the Elizabethan government try to control inflation?
Through implementing legislation, usually legislation that was aimed at enclosure.
When was the Act for Maintaining Tillage passed?
In 1563
What did the Act for Maintaining Tillage state?
That all land which had been under tillage for 4 years since 1528 could not be converted to pasture
What did the Act for Maintaining Tillage show?
The Council’s dislike of rising food prices and enclosure.
What did the Statute of Artificiers state?
-That a maximum wage, but not a minimum wage would be introduced.
- It obliged all unemployed people to seek work.
- Young men had to accept work as labourers and young women were expected to go into service.
What was the problem with the Statute of Artificiers?
It created a lot of poverty
When was the Statute Regarding the export of Corn passed?
1592-1593
What did the Statue Regarding the Export of Corn state?
- That the export of corn would be banned unless the home prices were below 20 shillings a quarter.
- It also resulted in the Act for Maintaining Tillage being repealed.
What were the effects of the Statute Regarding the export of corn?
- The grain exports were stopped as a result of rising food prices.
- The repealing of the Act for Maintaining Tillage showed the Council’s confusion as to the true causes of inflation.
When was the Statute of Artificers passed?
in 1563
When was the Statute against the Conversions to Pasture and the Statute Against the Engrossing of farms passed?
In 1598
What did the Statute against the Conversions to Pasture and and the Statute Against the Engrossing of farms state?
- These acts were designed to stop further enclosure after the repeal of the 1563 Act for Maintaining Tillage.
- This further u turn showed just how confused the government was on the issue of enclosure.
What forms of revenue did Elizabeth use to finance the Spanish war?
- Monopolies + purveyance
- Forced loans
- Multiple subsidies
- Selling of crown lands
What does S. Atkins define a monopoly as?
a ‘royal patent for the sole right of exporting, importing, manufacturing, or distributing some particle article’.
What did Raleigh have a monopoly on?
tavern licenses
What did the Earl of Essex have a monopoly on?
the import of sweet wines
is it true that monopolists were often as unpopular as enclosures?
yes
How did Elizabeth’s use of monopolies help finance the Spanish war?
Because it mean that Elizabeth could reward people for their loyalty without having to pay them and without having to spend the Crown’s money.
When was the resentment against the monopolists seen?
in 1601 when Elizabeth and Cecil lost control of parliament and a list of monopolies created since 1597 was read out.
Were the monopolists described as the ‘bloodsuckers of the commonwealth’?
Yes
How did Elizabeth address the monopolies crisis?
By giving her famous Golden Speech, cancelling 12 monopolies overnight, and making monopolists answerable to the common law courts.
What was purveyance?
The right of the Court to buy commodities at a price that they themselves set.
Is it true that purveyance was only meant to be used in extreme circumstances, such as war?
Yes
Did Elizabeth used purveyance before 1585?
Yes
When did Elizabeth use purveyance before 1585?
When on Royal Progresses
What did Lockyer and O’Sullivan estimate that purveyance saved the queen?
£40,000 per annum
Give an example of purveyance having a disastrous impact on the economy
- The strength and purity of the metal produced in the Weald area of Kent was central to England defeating the Spanish.
- Unfortunately, the war meant that Weald iron was in great demand and the Crowns purveyors were sent to fix the purchase price.
- The problem was that the purveyors set the price so low that a number of foundries went out of business because thy couldn’t afford to produce iron at such low a price.
Did Elizabeth increase local taxation in order to pay for fortifications and militia ?
Yes
How much did the corporation of London lend Elizabeth for the war?
£200,000
How much money did Elizabeth raise from getting forced loans out of her richer subjects?
£330,000
Were forced loans going to be paid back to subjects?
No
Although forced loans did little damage to the economy, what was the problem with them?
they made the Privy Council unpopular with those receiving the orders to pay up.
Is it true that Elizabeth allowed the selling of over £600,000 of Crown lands to raise revenue for the Spanish War?
Yes
What was the problem with Elizabeth selling crown lands?
it greatly undermined the future financial independence of the monarchy, as future monarchs would not get the rent from this land
What did the bulk of the increased revenue to fund the Spanish war come from?
Multiple subsidies from parliament
How much money for the Spanish war came from multiple subsidies?
£2.5 million
Who became the first monarch in English history to be awarded multiple subsidies by the house of commons?
Queen Elizabeth I
When was Elizabeth awarded double subsidy rounds?
In 1589 and 1593
When was Elizabeth awarded a triple subsidy round?
In 1597
When was Elizabeth awarded a quadruple subsidy?
In 1601
Is it true that many of the streams of revenue that ELizabeth sought to finance the Spanish war were very short term?
Yes
Overall was Elizabeth’s attempt to finance the Spanish War a success or a failure?
A success overall as she was able to raise the money she required - £4 million
What were Elizabeth’s successes in financing the Spanish War?
- The use of purveyance meant that Elizabeth could purchase the material needed for war at more affordable prices.
- Using forced loans meant that Elizabeth could get large sums of money quickly. She also didn’t have to worry about paying them back.
- The selling of crown lands allowed Elizabeth to raise a lot of money very quickly.
- Multiple subsidies meant that Elizabeth was provided with £2.5 million.
What were Elizabeth’s failures in financing the Spanish War?
- Purveyancy caused some businesses to close down.
- Local people faced increased taxation.
- People who had to pay forced loans weren’t payed back.
- Future monarchs were unable to benefit from the Crown lands that had been sold.
- Asking for multiple subsidies increased the Crown’s dependance on parliament.
What are the 3 most serious financial problems faced by Elizabeth I?
- Inflation
- Failure to reform( Marian book of rates + usury)
- Financing Spanish war
Was there a perception that enclosure caused poverty and social problems?
Yes
Why was enclosure unpopular?
- The fencing and hedging of common land meant that the very poorest lost their rights to graze their livestock.
- Tenants had no legal claim to the land they rented, so they could vace eviction and the destruction of their way of life by enclosure.
- If enclosure resulted in a move away from crop farming to sheep farming then many people would be left without jobs because sheep farming is less labour intensive.
- Enclosure was blamed for rising prices.
Why did Landlords want to enclose their land?
- There was more of an increased demand for wool, so it would provide more income than crop farming.
- Sheep farming required far fewer labourers and thus had lower overheads.
- Enclosure increased the amount of land that was under cultivation.
Is it true that in some cases, agricultural labourers were driven away from their land by greedy landowners?
Yes
Is it true that some enclosed lands were still used for crop farming?
Yes
Is it true that locally, enclosure caused serious problems?
Yes
what were the advantages of enclosure?
- There was an increased demand for English wool and so the country could profit off of enclosure.
- Some enclosed fields were still used to grow crops.
- Enclosures didn’t have to pay as much money for people to work on their land.
What were the disadvantages of enclosure?
- The poor couldn’t graze their animals on enclosed fields.
- The poor were often harshly kicked off their land.
- Many people lost their jobs because fewer labourers were required.
- Enclosure was mostly an issue locally.
Were many agricultural innovations developed during Elizabeth’s reign?
Yes
What agricultural innovations were developed during Elizabeth’s reign?
- New fertilisers were used.
- There was the practice of up and down husbandry, where land was used for both crop growing and animal grazing.
- There was an extension of the amount of land under cultivation, such as the forests in cumbria.
- Selective breeding was used to improve the quality of livestock.
What was the most significant industry in Elizabethan England?
The textile industry
What did the textile industry include?
- Spinning
- Weaving
- Dyeing
- Tailoring
- Hatting
What was the biggest source of employment in Elizabethan england after agriculture?
industry
Where in England was the textile industry particularly important?
In East Anglia, the West Country, and Yorkshire
What was England’s textile industry known for throughout europe at the beginning of Elizabeth’s reign?
The production of broadcloths.
What were broadcloths?
thick, woolen cloths that were usually exported unfinished
How did the Elizabethan textile industry change during her reign?
- The migration of fleeing European protestants from northern france and the Spanish Netherlands brought new skills and trading links back to england.
- This led to the development of new draperies, lighter fabrics, in England.
- The thinner material was very popular in the warmer and richer Southern European markets and enclosure ensured that the English textile industr yhad the cheapest raw wool in Europe.
What were the main coal producing areas in England?
Tyneside and Durham
How many tonnes of coal were shipped from Newcastle to London between 1597 and 1598 alone?
163,000 tonnes. This was due to the rising population.
What resulted in the growing demand for iron in England?
The war with Spain from 1585 onwards
Is it true that in 1560, there were only 3 iron smelting furnaces in england, but by 1590, this figure had risen to 26?
Yes
By the 1590’s, which cities were developing metal industries?
London, Sheffield, and Birmingham
Why did England need lead?
For shot
How did the privy council encourage foreigners with special skills to settle in england?
By giving them monopolies and patents. An example of this is the fact that the copper industry in cumbria was first developed by Daniel Hochsetter from the Tyrol region of Austria.
Describe the cloth trade between London and Antwerp
- The cloth trade between London and Antwerp accounted for 75% of all exports and brought in customs duties of between £35,000 and £50,000 per year.
- In 1558, England was exporting broadcloth and unfinished wool to Antwerp.
-England’s trade with Antwerp was dependant on Britain’s relationship with Spain.
-
Is it true that the development of overseas trade is an example of economic success for Elizabeth’s reign?
Yes
Is trade an unqualified success of the Elizabethan economy?
Yes
Who developed the Muscovy company?
It was started under Mary, but it developed quickly at the start of Elizabeth’s reign.
Was the foundation of the Muscovy company a success or failure?
It was a limited success because although there was now a new export market for english wool, the attempt to establish an overland trade route to persia failed.
When did the cloth trade move from dependance on Antwerp to Emden, Hamburg, Stade and Middleburg?
from 1564
was the fact that the cloth trade moved from antwerp to other ports a success or failure?
It was an accidental success. The on/off Spanish trade embargo from 1564 on English ports to Antwerp forced diversification.
When was the Eastland company developed?
In 1579
What did the Eastland Company do?
It established trade with the Hanse in Northern Germany and the Baltic
Why was the Eastland Company a success?
Because it opened up another export market for English wool and developed eastern coast ports such as hull.
What trading company was established in 1592?
The levant company
The levant company….
formed from the companies trading with Venice and Turkey. It traded silks, spices and currants with the Ottoman empire and new draperies directly to the Mediterranean.
Was the levant company a trading success and why?
Yes, it was a success, because new rich markets opened up to finish english wool products. It also weakened Spanish power, and developed a new english fleet.
When was the east india company established?
In 1583
Who established the East India company?
Newberry and Fitch
Why wasn’t the East India Company a success?
Because it had little impact on trade in the short term and so 75% of Indian trade was still going through the Spanish Netherlands.
When did Humphrey Gilbert discover the island of Newfoundland?
In 1583
What was England’s first colony in the new world?
Newdoundland
What did Newfoundland provide England with?
Fish
Was Gilbert’s disovery of Newfoundland a success?
Yes
What colony did Walter Raleigh found?
In 1584, Raleigh settled a small colony on the island of Roanoke.
Why was the colony on the island of Roanoke failure ?
- It was poorly planned and provisioned and so by 1590 it had vanished without trace.
Is it true that by 1587, any idea of planting foreign colonies had to give way to the need to devote shipping and experienced seamen to defeat Spain?
Yes
After the failure of Roanoke, where there any other attempts to settle an english colony in the new world?
Yes, but the came to nothing during elizabeth’s lifetime.
When was the colony of Virginia successfully established?
In 1607
When did Drake make one of the first English slaving voyages?
In 1567
When did Sir Francis Drake make 2 profitable trading voyages to the West Indies?
In 1570 and in 1571
When did Drake command 2 vessels in a marauding expedition against Spanish ports in the Caribbean?
In 1572. He returned to England with Cargo of Spanish treasure and a reputation as a brilliant privateer.
What happened with Drake in 1577?
-In 1577, Drake was secretly commissioned by Elizabeth I to set off on an expedition against the Spanish colonies on the American Pacific Coast.
-Drake eventually reached the Pacific in October 1578 and hence became the first Englishmen to navigate the Straits of Magellan.
Who became the first Englishman to circumnavigate the globe?
Sir Francis Drake
Is it true that during the Elizabethan era, slaves were seen as merchants who could help to grow the economy and support the development of American plantations?
Yes, they really saw no wrong in slavery
Who was England’s first slave trader?
John Hawkins
What did John Hawkins do in 1562?
Whilst on a voyage to Haiti, Hawkins added the transportation of captured Africans to his family’s trading interests in West Africa
When Hawkins went from London to Sierra Leone, how many Africans did Hawkins seize?
300
What did Hawkins do with the captured slaves from his first voyage?
He crossed the Atlantic and sold the Africans into slavery in the Spanish West Indies. H returned to England with tropical produces, such as ginger, sugar and pearls,which he sold to merchants.
When was Hawkins second trading voyage?
1564-1565
Why was Hawkins second slaving voyage highly profitable?
-Because he produced a return of 60% on the original investment.
-He made huge sums selling the enslaved Africans to the Spanish and then selling tropical goods in England.
Why was Hawkin’s 3rd slaving voyage between 1567 and 1568 a disaster?
Because all the english cargo was taken by the spanish and the profit from the expidition was lost. Overall though, slavery was financially successful.
THE DEVELOPMENT OFTHE SLAVE TRADE WAS THE MOST SIGNIFICANT DEVELPOMENT IN OVERSEAS TRADE IN THE ELIZABETHAN ERA
What caused Elizabethan poverty?
- The breakdown of the feudal system
- The dissolvation of the monasteries, which saw many Monks, Nuns and poor people go homeless
- Land enclosure, because of decreased jobs
- Poor harvests and population increase
What did the 1563 Poor Law state?
- That the deserving poor were to be treated locally, whilst the undeserving poor were to be brutally punished
Who were the deserving poor?
the old, the young, the sick
How were the deserving poor helped?
they were provided with outdoor relief in the form of being cared for in alms houses, orphanages and workhouses
Who were the undeserving poor or the sturdy beggars?
those who turned to a life of crime or became beggars. These were dealt with harshly in the 1572 legislation
What did central government do about sturdy beggars?
- Imposed 1572 Act for the Punishment of Vagabonds and for the Relief of the Poor and Impotent.
-1576 Poor Law Act
- 1598 Act for Punishment of Rogues
-1601 Poor Law
What did the 1572 Act for the Punishment of Vagabonds and for the Relief of the Poor and Impotent state?
that if a person was apprehended to be a sturdy beggar they’d be punished i.e. via whippings, death
What did the 1576 Poor Law Act state?
That JP’s could punish anyone who refused to work
What did the 1598 Act for the Punishment of Rogue’s state?
that Vagabond’s and Sturdy Beggars could be whipped from the middle upwards
What did the 1601 Poor law state?
That vagabonds were to continue to be punished
What did the government do for the deserving poor?
- In 1563 and 1576, acts were passed to force the wealthier members of society to contribute to poor relief.
- The 1598 Poor Relief Act encouraged local responsibility in looking after the poor and helping them to find work.
- The Elizabethan poor law of1601 once again cited the importance of helping the deserving poor. So, subsidised housing was created for pauper families and work was found for the unemployed
- However, laws such as the 1563 Statute of artificiers counteracted this
What did local government do to deal with poverty?
- Provided more help than central government did.
-Hospitals were built.
- In Norwich in 1570, a compulsory poor rate provided work for the able-bodied poor.
- In York in 1561, a poor rate targeted the ‘impotent poor’
- Less focus on punishing those who were suffering
When was the Oxfordshire rising?
November 1596
What was the oxfordshire rising of 1596 about?
enclosure
Did the government see the oxforshire rising as a big threat?
Yes
What happened to the leaders of the oxforshire rising?
- 2 of the leaders, Burton and Bradshaw, were executed, and the other leaders died in prison
Despite the government’s intense reaction to the Oxforshire rising, why was it not a serious threat?
- Because barely anyone participated, only 4 people actually turned up.
- Because one member gave the plot away, allowing for a quick government response.
- Because the participants lacked status
What was the government response to the 1596 Oxfordshire rising?
- 2 of the leaders, burton and bradshaw, were executed, and the other 2 leaders were imprisoned.
- In 1597, the Tillage Act was passed to reverse enclosure carried out since 1588.
- Government response was a successful deterrants and there were no more rebellions of a similar nature after this point.
Was Ireland Catholic or protestant?
Catholic
Did Elizabeth mostly ignore Ireland for the begining of her reign?
Yes, then she later took away land from Irish Catholics and gave it to english protestant settlers. (plantations)
what were the years of the irish rebellion?
1594 - 1603
What was the biggest military defeat of elizabeth’s reign?
The Battle of the Yellow Ford, august 1598
Why was the battle of the yellow ford such a big military defeat for england?
Because only half of english troops returned safely to their base in armagh
essex unsucessful in ireland, mountjoy able to get tyrone to surrender
did essex’s rebellion reach london?
Yes
How does elizabeth stop essex’s rebellion?
- By getting town criers out
- By getting troops on the street
- Essex caught within 12 hours at essex house
What is evidence that Elizabeth did not view essex’s rebellion as a big deal?
She only carried out 6 executions
After Peter Wentwoth was released from prison for demanding more parliamentary privileges and for demanding that elizabeth named a successor, what happened?
He discussed the issue of the sucession with MPs outside of parliament. This broke the law and the council sent him to the tower, where he died in 1597.
What subsidy was elizabeth awarded after the golden speech?
A quadruple subsidy
When was the Spanish Armada defeated?
In 1588
Is it true that the defeat of the spanish armada in 1588 increased the pride of the english and helped to improve elizabeth’s image?
Yes
Did Elizabeth tell parliament that she would deal with purveyancy after the issue being raised in parliament in 1583?
Yes
In order to defeat the Armada, how much did the Queen obtain from wealthy subjects?
£75,000
In order to defeat the Armada, how much did Elizabeth have to borrow from the city of london?
£56,000 at an interest rate of 10%
How much did the campaign with Ireland cost?
£2 million, although the war with the netherlands cost more
Is it true that by the end of ellizabeth’s reign, the £300,000 surplus she had obtained had all been spent?
Yes
Is it true that th efinancial situation had grew so bad near the end of elizabeth’s reign that she even considered selling her jewellery?
Yes
How much crown lands were sold between 1599 and 1600?
Crown lands worth £200,000 were sold between 1599 and 1600
Is it true that near the end of elizabeth’s reign, she cut expenditure and left positions vacant?
Yes
What did bad harvests cause?
High food prices and inflation
What happened to the average price of wheat by 1596?
It had doubled
In Elizabeth’s later years, who suffered the most from rising food prices?
Those living close to subsistence level, as the prices of cheaper grains, such as oats, rose even more than grain
In Elizabeth’s later years, where there deaths from malnutrition?
Yes, and this is highlighted by the fact that between 1595 and 1597, the death rate increased by 50%
What did the 1595 food riots in kent show?
That food shortages were actually affecting people, particularly because Kent was seen as a more wealthy area.
what is arguably the most serious issue that elizabeth faced in the 1590s?
Tyrone’s rebellion
Is it true that even during elizbaeth’s later years, plays and pageants continued to extoll elizabeth’s virtues and that the accession day tilts continued to celebrate her accession on the 17th of november of each year?
Yes
What did participants of the western rebellion shout at bodmin?
‘kill the gentlemen’
