The LA, RA, and RV

Question 1

The left atrium is a reservoir for blood draining in from the pulmonary veins during ventricular ____.

Answer 1

Systole

Question 2

In late diastole, the LA becomes a ____ ____ to complete the LV filling before the MV closes.

Answer 2

Muscular pump

Question 3

What is the formula for measuring LA volume?

Answer 3

LA volume = (0.85 X A1 X A2) / L

Question 4

LA contraction is represented by the ___ wave on the EKG.

Answer 4

P wave

Question 5

When looking at the atrial septum, you must rule out ____, ____, and ____.

Answer 5

PFOs, ASDs, and aneurysms

Question 6

____ is failure of the primum and secundum septa to fuse.

Answer 6

PFO

Question 7

An ____ (congenital) occurs when the atrial septum has a defect but it is not from lack of fusion, but rather lack of growth.

Answer 7

ASD

Question 8

An atrial septal ____ is a redundancy of the mid-portion of the atrial septum that results in excess mobility and billowing of tissue in this region.

Answer 8

Aneurysm

Question 9

For the septum to be considered aneursymal, the movement has to be at least ____cm from the plane of the septum.

Answer 9

1.0 cm

Question 10

The RA is a thin-walled ovoid structure that receives inflow from the ____, ____, and the ____.

Answer 10

Superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, and the coronary sinus

Question 11

What the two structure that can be found in the RA?

Answer 11

Eustachian valve and the Chiari network

Question 12

____ ____ is a remnant of the embryologic valve responsible for directing inferior vena cava blood across the atrial septum to the LA.

Answer 12

Eustachian valve

Question 13

The ____ ____ attaches from one side of the right atrium to the other side of the right atrium – it is mobile.

Answer 13

Chiari network

Question 14

The most common place to see a ____ in the RA is on an indwelling catheter.

Answer 14

Thrombus

Question 15

Normally the RV is approximately ____ the size of the LV.

Answer 15

2/3

Question 16

On echo, the best way to distinguish the RV from the LV is with the ____.

Answer 16

Moderator band

Question 17

____ overload of the RV results in hypertrophy of the free wall and the IVS.

Answer 17

Pressure

Question 18

RV overload usually occurs in the presence of ____ or ____.

Answer 18

Pulmonic stenosis or pulmonary HTN

Question 19

When there is RV pressure overload, the paradoxical septal motion (D shape) is in ____.

Answer 19

Systole and diastole

Question 20

When there is RV volume overload, the paradoxical septal motion (D shape) is in ____.

Answer 20

Diastole only

Question 21

When a flattened septum is visualized, assess the ____ flow and ____ flow very thoroughly.

Answer 21

PV; TV

Question 22

Using PW doppler, the shorter the acceleration time the higher the PA ____.

Answer 22

Pressure

Question 23

Normal pulmonic PW acceleration time is ____msec.

Answer 23

> 100 msec

Question 23

If pulmonic PW acceleration time is under 100 msec, you should suspect ____.

Answer 23

PHTN

Question 23

The best way to determine RV pressure is to use ____.

Answer 23

TR

Question 24

If TR is present, measure the gradient and use the formula:

Answer 24

RVSP = 4 (TR VELOCITY)^2 + RAP

Question 25

If the patient doesn’t have TR, then you need to calculate ____.

Answer 25

PAEDP

Question 26

To measure PAEDP, use PI CW Doppler and measure the PI jet at the ____ of the waveform.

Answer 26

Beginning

Question 27

What is the normal value for PAEDP?

Answer 27

4-12 mmHg

Question 28

What is normal mean PA pressure?

Answer 28

10-22 mmHg

Question 29

What is the normal PHTN value?

Answer 29

18-25 mmHg

Question 30

What is the mild PHTN value?

Answer 30

30-40 mmHg

Question 31

What is the moderate PHTN value?

Answer 31

40-70 mmHg

Question 32

What is the severe PHTN value?

Answer 32

> 70 mmHg

Question 33

____ ____ ____ ____ is a rare condition where the RV free wall muscle is replaced by adipose or collagen-like tissue.

Answer 33

Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia (ARVD)