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Applied Cardiovascular III > Systemic Diseases > Flashcards

Systemic Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

Hypertensive heart disease is an end-organ consequence of ____ hypertension.

A

Systemic

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2
Q

Hypertension is categorized by a systemic blood pressure above ____ mmHg and a diastolic above ____ mmHg

A

140 mmHg; 90 mmHg

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3
Q

What are the m-mode findings of hypertension?

A

LVH
LA enlargement
Aortic root dilation

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4
Q

What are the 2D findings of hypertension?

A

Concentric LVH and normal systolic function
Aortic valve may be sclerotic
LA enlargement
Dilation of aortic root
Mitral Annular Calcification (MAC)

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5
Q

What are the Doppler findings of hypertension?

A
  • Diastolic compliance may be impaired (MV pattern = prolonged relaxation)
  • Aortic regurgitation and/or MR
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6
Q

____ is a disease that affects the body’s ability to produce or respond to insulin, a hormone that allows blood glucose (blood sugar) to enter the cells of the body and be used for energy.

A

Diabetes

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7
Q

What does diabetes do to heart disease?

A

Speeds it up

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8
Q

More than ____% of deaths in diabetes patients are attributed to heart and vascular disease.

A

65%

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9
Q

What are the m-mode findings of diabetes?

A
  • Mostly normal
  • LA enlargement if diastolic dysfunction is present
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10
Q

What are the 2D findings of diabetes?

A

Normal systolic function
LA enlargement, possibly

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11
Q

What are the Doppler findings of diabetes?

A
  • Diastolic compliance may be impaired (MV pattern = prolonged relaxation)
  • Look for MV inflow and pulmonary veins
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12
Q

What is it called when too little thyroid hormone is produced in the body?

A

Hypothyroidism

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13
Q

Those with hypothyroidism have symptoms associated with slow metabolism, such as:

A

Fatigue
Weakness

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14
Q

Those with hypothyroidism will often have a ____ LV performance and cardiac output.

A

Decreased

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15
Q

What is it called when there is too much thyroid hormone in tissues of the body?

A

Hyperthyroidism

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16
Q

Hyperthyroidism will cause a(n) ____ in total blood volume and LV contractility.

A

Increase

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17
Q

On 2D, hyperthyroidism will show a ____ ventricle.

A

Hyperdynamic

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18
Q

___ is when too many parathyroid hormones (maintains calcium levels in the blood) are made by the glands.

A

Hyperparathyroidism

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19
Q

Hyperparathyroidism causes an abnormally high level of ____ in the blood.

A

Calcium

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20
Q

Chronic renal insufficiency is when a disease slowly and gradually destroys the filtering capacity of the ____.

A

Kidneys

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21
Q

What are the echo findings of chronic renal insufficiency?

A
  • LVH (due to long standing HTN)
  • Systolic dysfunction (especially when on dialysis)
  • Pericardial effusion
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22
Q

____ is a connective tissue disease and chronic autoimmune disease.

A

Lupus

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23
Q

Lupus is known as the “____ ____”

A

“great imitator”

24
Q

Symptoms of Lupus include fever, joint pain, fatigue, general malaise, and “____” rash

A

“butterfly”

25
Q

A cardiac complication of ____ is that it causes inflammation of any part of the heart: myocarditis, endocarditis, or pericarditis.

A

Lupus

26
Q

Noninfectious endocarditis, called ____, forms on the valves in Lupus patients.

A

Libman-Sachs

27
Q

With Lupus, you often find thickened leaflets, regurgitation, and leaflets that can’t ____ fully.

A

Coapt

28
Q

____ causes thickening and hardening of the skin, joints and internal organs (heart).

A

Scleroderma

29
Q

Echo features of scleroderma include:

A
  • Global LV dysfunction
  • Nodules in myocardium or on valves
  • Pericardial constriction and/or effusion
  • Pulmonary hypertension
  • CHF
  • Conduction Abnormalities
  • Pericardial effusion (concurrent)
  • Can act just like an infiltrative cardiomyopathy
30
Q

____ ____ is a disorder that affects blood vessels in the fingers, toes, ears and nose.

A

Reynaud’s Phenomenon

31
Q

____% of scleroderma patients have Reynaud’s Phenomenon.

A

90%

32
Q

With Reynaud’s Phenomenon ____ or ____ can cause small blood vessels in the fingers and toes to constrict and change color.

A

Stress or cold

33
Q

____ is an inflammatory arthritis that can cause the vertebrae to fuse.

A

Ankylosing spondylitis

34
Q

____ is a rare, usually benign, adrenal tumor that produces excessive catechomalines (high BP, palpitations, headache, sweating).

A

Pheochromocytoma

35
Q

What are the echo features of Ankylosing spondylitis?

A
  • Dilation of aorta
  • AI
36
Q

What are the echo features of Pheochromocytoma?

A
  • Increased HR and contractility
  • LV systolic dysfunction
  • LVH
37
Q

____ occurs when excess growth hormone is secreted from the pituitary gland (usually due to benign tumor).

A

Acromegaly

38
Q

What are the echo features of Acromegaly?

A
  • Systolic and Diastolic Dysfunction
  • LVH
  • CHF
39
Q

Osler-Weber-Rendu is a disorder that affects ____.

A

Blood vessels

40
Q

A patient can get ____ disease as a result of poor cardiac output with malperfusion, or if there is long-standing RV dysfunction.

A

Liver

41
Q

____ results from prolonged heart disease, which affects the blood flow from the liver to the heart and consequently leads to build up of pressure.

A

Cardiac cirrhosis

42
Q

When the heart doesn’t pump as well as it should, blood “backs up” into the ____.

A

Liver

42
Q

Pulmonary Hypertension is diagnosed when the blood pressure in the heart to lung circulation exceeds ____ mmHg at rest or___ mmHg with exercise.

A

25 mmHg; 30 mmHg

43
Q

What are the m-mode findings of pulmonary hypertension?

A
  • RV dilation
  • Paradoxical septal motion
  • Septal hypertrophy
  • Right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH)
44
Q

What are the 2D findings of pulmonary hypertension?

A
  • Dilated PA, RV, and RA; LV may be small
  • Paradoxical septal motion
  • Flattened IVS in PSAX - “D” shaped LV
  • Dilated IVC and hepatic veins
44
Q

What are the numbers for pulmonary hypertension - right heart systolic pressure?

A

Normal: 18-25 mmHg
Mild: 30-40 mmHg
Moderate: 40-70 mmHg
Severe: >70 mmHg

45
Q

What are the numbers for pulmonary hypertension - acceleration time?

A

Normal: > 100 msec
Mild: 80-100 msec
Moderate: 60-80 msec
Severe: < 60 msec

46
Q

Eisenmenger syndrome is a form of ____.

A

Pulmonary HTN

47
Q

When right heart systolic pressure increases past 70 mmHg is can turn into this. Right heart pressures become higher than the left heart pressures.

A

Eisenmenger syndrome

48
Q

Cor Pulmonale is ____ heart failure.

A

Right sided

49
Q

____ means the heart can’t pump enough blood to meet the body’s needs.

A

Congestive heart failure

50
Q

____ can occur when something suddenly affects the heart’s ability to function.

A

Acute heart failure

51
Q

Signs and symptoms of acute heart failure are similar to those of chronic heart failure, but are more ____ and start or worsen suddenly.

A

Severe

52
Q

For acute heart failure, do a complete exam looking very hard for evaluation of both:

A
  • Systolic function: EF, WMA, dp/dT (if MR is present) etc.
  • Diastolic function: MV inflow, pulmonary veins, TDI
53
Q

Hypereosinophilic syndrome occurs when there is too many ____.

A

white blood cells

Applied Cardiovascular III (12 decks)

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