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Applied Cardiovascular III > Cardiac Evaluation > Flashcards

Cardiac Evaluation Flashcards

1
Q

____ occurs in lung and heart conditions that reduce the amount of oxygen in the blood.

A

Clubbing

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2
Q

What is the severity scale for pitting edema?

A

0 - No pitting edema
1 - Mild (2mm depression that disappears rapidly)
2 - Moderate (4mm depression that disappears in 10-15 sec)
3 - Moderately severe (6mm depression that lasts more than 1 minute)
4 - Severe (8mm depression that lasts more than 2 minutes)

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3
Q

____ is used to detect normal and abnormal heart sounds.

A

Phonocardiography

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4
Q

What is a crescendo?

A

A sound that is soft to loud

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5
Q

What is a decrescendo?

A

A sound that is loud to soft

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6
Q

What does “pansystolic” mean?

A

Two chambers are widely different in pressure (MR or TR)

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7
Q

During ____ there is an increase in TR TS, PI, PS, & venous return.

A

Inspiration

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8
Q

During ____ there is an increase in MR, MS, AS, AI (inversely relates to right side).

A

Expiration

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9
Q

The first heart sound, S1 is produced by the closure of the ____ and ____ valve.

A

Mitral; Tricuspid

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10
Q

The mitral valve closes slightly ____ the tricuspid valve.

A

Before (because pressures in the left side are higher than the pressures in the right side)

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11
Q

S1 marks the beginning of ____ ____.

A

Isovolumic contraction

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12
Q

S1 will become louder if you increase ____ (MR and TR).

A

Output

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13
Q

The second heart sound, S2 is produced by closure of the ____ and ____ valves.

A

Pulmonic; Aortic

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14
Q

S2 marks the beginning of ____ ____.

A

Isovolumic relaxation.

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15
Q

____ is higher pitched and shorter than ____ and tends to sound louder.

A

S2; S1

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16
Q

S2 may intensify with ____ ____.

A

Systemic hypertension

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17
Q

S2 may decrease in intensity with ____.

A

Hypotension

18
Q

Heart sounds: what is associated with a Loud S1?

A

Rheumatic MS

19
Q

Heart sounds: what is associated with an opening snap?

A

Rheumatic MS or TS

20
Q

Heart sounds: what is associated with an ejection sound or click?

A

Congenital PS or AS

21
Q

Heart sounds: what is associated with MVP?

A

Midsystolic click

22
Q

Heart sounds: what is associated with a fixed split S2?

A

ASD

23
Q

Heart sounds: what is associated with a pericardial effusion?

A

pericardial friction rub

24
Q

Heart sounds: what is associated with a pericardial knock?

A

Pericarditis

25
Q

Where can you best hear an aortic murmur?

A

Right upper sternal border

26
Q

Where can you best hear a pulmonic murmur?

A

Left upper sternal border

27
Q

Where can you best hear a tricuspid murmur?

A

Left lower sternal border

28
Q

Where can you best hear a mitral murmur?

A

Apex

29
Q

What are some causes of a systolic murmur?

A
  • Obstruction to the outflow tract (semilunar valves)
  • Incompetent AV valves
  • Structural deformities of the aorta or pulmonary artery
  • Ventricular septal defect (VSD) - holosystolic
30
Q

What are some causes of a diastolic murmur?

A
  • Incompetent semilunar or stenotic AV valves.
  • Early diastolic murmurs usually result from insufficiency of a semilunar valve or dilation of the valvular ring.
  • Mid and late diastolic murmurs are generally caused by narrowed, stenotic mitral or tricuspid valves that obstruct blood flow.
31
Q

What sound is caused by the vibration of the ventricular walls during rapid passive filling in early diastole?

A

S3

32
Q

S3 may also be referred to as ____ ____.

A

Ventricular gallop

33
Q

An S3 sound may be normal finding in those under age ____.

A

30 (this is because younger people tend to have more compliant hearts)

34
Q

What heart sound is always abnormal?

A

S4

35
Q

S3 is the ____ wave.

A

E

36
Q

S4 is the ____ wave.

A

A

37
Q

What sound is caused by vibration of the valves, supporting structure, and ventricular walls during the second phase of rapid ventricular filling in late diastole?

A

S4

38
Q

What are some conditions that cause an S3 sound?

A

-High cardiac output
- Large left to right shunts
- Anemia
- Valve regurg
- Cardiomyopathy

39
Q

S4 may also be referred to as ____ ____.

A

Atrial gallop

40
Q

What are some conditions that cause an S4 sound?

A
  • HTN
  • Significant semilunar valve stenosis
  • CAD
  • Acute MR
41
Q

Are S3 and S4 low or high pitch?

A

Low pitch

Applied Cardiovascular III (12 decks)

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