The Kidneys in Systemic Disease Flashcards

1
Q

Why are the kidneys more likely to be involved in systemic disease?

A

The kidneys receive more blood flow per unit volume than any other organ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

While urine dipsticks can identify when there is protein in the urine, how can this be quanitfied?

A

Send off a urine sample to labs for overt proteinuria/microalbuminuria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Which cardiovascular conditions also affect the kidneys?

BTW do not need to memorise the next few cards, more important just to appreciate that the kidneys are involved in many conditions

A

Hypertension
Cardiac failure
Atheroembolism
Atherosclerosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How can hypertension cause CKD?

A

Hypertension causes progressive proteinuria which in turn causes CKD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

List some infections which can cause kidney damage.

A

HIV
Hepatitis
Infective endocarditis
Post-infectious GN

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Which haematological malignancies involve the generation of abnormal proteins which can get caught in the kidney and cause kidney disease?

A

Myeloma
Amyloidosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Which autoimmune conditions can affect the kidneys?

A

Lupus
Sjogrens
Scleroderma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

List some drugs which can be toxic to the kidneys.

A

NSAIDs
ACEi
Aminoglycosides
Radiocontrast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Interstitial nephritis?

A

Inflammatory reaction within the interstitium of the kidney, often in response to certain medications, most commonly antibiotics and penicillin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

List some blood-vessel conditions which can have an affect on the kidneys.

A

ANCA associated vasculitis
Thrombotic microangiopathy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

End-stage kidney disease is increasing globally, what is one of the main reasons for this?

A

The increasing prevalence of type 2 diabetes worldwide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What % of people with type 2 diabetes go onto develop diabetic nephropathy?

A

30-40%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

If there is hyperglycaemia, how can this lead to changes in the kidney?

A

There will be generation of glycosylation end products and different growth factors.
These cause haemodynamic and hormonal changes to the kidney.
There will be hyperfiltration of these end products, increasing leakage of albumin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Which lesions are commonly seen in kidney biopsies in someone with diabetes?

A

Kimmeslstiel-Wilson nodules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Those with diabetes have hyperfiltration which leads to albumin leaking. What effect does this have GFR?

A

Increased GFR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

In those with diabetes, due to the albumin leak, there is microalbuminuria. What does this progress to?

A

Clinical nephropathy w proteinuria
This then can progress to renal failure

17
Q

What does increasing proteinuria do to GFR?

A

Decreases GFR

18
Q

What is the most common cause of end stage renal disease?

A

Diabetic nephropathy

19
Q

Who is more commonly affected by the autoimmune condition lupus?

A

Can affect men and women but typically women aged 15-45

20
Q

Which ethnicities are at higher risk of lupus?

A

Those of African, Caribbean or Asian descent

21
Q

Why is it called Lupus?

A

Lupus = Latin for wolf
Disease starts with rash appearing like a wolf bite! Also presents with butterfly rash over bridge of nose and cheeks

->think Remus Lupin

22
Q

What are some of the symptoms of Lupus?

A

Rash- butterfly on face
Joint pain
Fever
Fatigue

23
Q

What % of patients with Lupus develop Lupus Nephritis?

A

> 60%

24
Q

What is Lupus Nephritis?

A

A form of immune mediated glomerulonephritis

25
Q

What are some of the signs of Lupus Nephritis which can be detected in Lupus patients?

A

Proteinuria
Nephrotic syndrome
Haematuria
Elevated creatinine

26
Q

Which types of medications can be used for Lupus Nephritis?

A

Immunosuppressive drugs
Corticosteroids

27
Q

Multiple myeloma?

A

A monoclonal proliferation of plasma cells producing an excess of immunoglobulins and light chains

28
Q

In which group of people is multiple myeloma more common?

A

In the elderly

29
Q

What is the presentation of myeloma?

A

Markedly elevated ESR
Anaemia
Weight loss
Fractures
Infections
Back pain/cord compression

30
Q

What four things are looked at for a diagnosis of myeloma to be made?

A

-Bone marrow aspirate >10% clonal plasma cells
-Serum paraprotein +/- immunoparesis
-Urinary Bence-Jones protein
-Skeletal survey for lytic lesions

31
Q

How does myeloma damage the kidneys?

A

Abnormal proteins are made by these plasma cells and they pass into the kidneys and into the tubules.
They join with another protein called Tamm-Horsfall protein and the two together form casts which block tubules

32
Q

Therefore what is the most common mechanism of renal injury relating to multiple myeloma?

A

Cast nephropathy

33
Q

If doing a urine dip with someone with multiple myeloma, what would it show?

A

Heavy proteinuria

34
Q

What are some signs on examination which suggest systemic disease with renal involvement?

A

Splinter haemorrhages
Raynaud’s
Vasculitic rash
Hypertensive retinopathy
Scleritis
Hypertension
Heart murmurs
Joint swelling

35
Q
A