Glomerular Disease (Pathology) Flashcards
What type of cells always line capillaries?
Endothelial cells
How does blood enter into the glomerulus?
Via the afferent arteriole
Blood is filtered across the glomerular membrane. What happens to all proteins equal to or larger than albumin?
They will not be filtered but stay in the plasma
Which type of cells are found in the middle of the glomerulus?
Mesangial cells
What do mesangial cells do?
Support capillaries
What happens to the filtrate after filtration?
Goes into Bowman’s space and then into the proximal tubule
Glomerulonephritis?
Disease of the glomerulus
Is glomerulonephritis inflammatory or non-inflammatory?
Can be either
What are some cases of glomerulonephritis caused by?
Immunoglobulin deposition
What are four common presentations of glomerulonephritis?
Haematuria
Heavy proteinuria
Slowly increasing proteinuria
Acute renal failure
Discoloured urine can be due to what?
Blood in it
->obvs lots of other causes like beetroot hehe
What are the main causes of haematuria?
UTI- most common
Urinary tract stone
Urinary tract tumour
Glomerulonephritis (not always)
As previously mentioned, there can be deposition of immunoglobulin in some cases of glomerulonephritis . Give an example of an immunoglobulin that can be deposited.
IgA
Which part of the glomerulus become clogged with the immunoglobulin?
Mesangial cells
What effect does IgA have on mesangial cells?
Irritates them and causes them to proliferate and produce more matrix
What is the prognosis like of IgA nephropathy?
Usually self-limiting and returns to normal but small % go onto chronic renal failure
If there is a leak in the filtration, which protein is the first to leak through the filter?
Albumin
What happens in membranous glomerulonephritis?
IgG is stuck in the membrane as is deposited between basal lamina and podocyte but cannot go further and is not filtered into the urine
IgG is too big to be filtered so what happens instead?
IgG activates complement (C3) which punches holes in the filter
When there is a leaky filter, albumin is filtered into the urine. What is this known as?
Nephrotic syndrome
What would commonly be seen microscopically in someone with diabetic nephropathy?
Kimmeslestil-Wilson lesion
What is granulomatosis with polyangitis?
A form of vasculitis which affects vessels in the kidneys, nose and lungs
What can cause granulomatosis with polyangiitis?
ANCA
Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies
How do ANCAs cause granulomatosis with polyangiitis?
Antibodies produce tissue damage via interactions with primed neutrophils and endothelial cells
