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Year 2- Urinary > Presentations of Diseases of the Kidney and Urinary Tract > Flashcards

Presentations of Diseases of the Kidney and Urinary Tract Flashcards

1
Q

What makes up the lower urinary tract?

A

-Bladder
-Bladder outflow tract; bladder neck, prostate in men, external urethral sphincter, pelvic floor, urethra

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1
Q

What makes up the upper urinary tract?

A

-Kidneys
-Ureters

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2
Q

What us a typical presentation of renal disease?

A

Pain
Pyrexia (fever)
Haematuria
Proteinuria
Pyuria
Mass on palpation
Renal failure

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3
Q

What is the definition of proetinuria?

A

Urinary protein excretion >150mg/day

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4
Q

Oliguria?

A

Urine output <05.ml/kg/hour

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5
Q

Absolute anuria?

A

No urine output

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6
Q

Relative anuria?

A

<100ml/day

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7
Q

Polyuria?

A

Urine output > 3L/day

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8
Q

Nocturia?

A

Waking up at night to urinate more than once

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9
Q

Nocturnal polyuria?

A

Nocturnal urine output > 1/3 of total urine output in 24hrs

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10
Q

Pyuria?

A

Pus cells in the urine

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11
Q

What physiological process causes pus cells to be released?

A

Inflammation

e.g. infection -> inflammation -> pus or trauma -> inflammation -> pus

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12
Q

What are the three types of haematuria?

A

Visible
Microscopic
Dipstick

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13
Q

What is the definition of microscopic haematuria?

A

3 or more red blood cells per high power field

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14
Q

RECAP
Name the six main functions of the kidneys :)

A

Body fluid homeostasis
Acid-base homeostasis
Electrolyte homeostasis
Excretory functions
Regulation of vascular tone
Endocrine functions

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15
Q

When can the ureters be damaged?

A

During surgery, especially bowel surgery or gynae procedures, as surgeons may accidentally cut them

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16
Q

Which valve prevents the reflux of urine?

A

Vesico-ureteric junction

17
Q

What are the three types of obstruction ureter disease?

A

Intra-luminal
Intra-mural
Extra-luminal

18
Q

Give an example of an intra-luminal obstruction in terms of ureteric disease.

A

Stone, blood clot

19
Q

Give an example of an intra-mural obstruction in terms of ureteric disease.

A

Scar tissue or tumour

20
Q

Give an example of an extra-luminal obstruction in terms of ureteric disease.

A

Pelvic mass or lymph nodes

21
Q

Give an example of hereditary ureteric disease.

A

VUJ reflux

22
Q

What are the two types of bladder cancer?

A

TCC (urothelial carcinoma/transitional cells carcinoma)
Squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder

TCC more common

23
Q

How do bladder diseases presenet?

A

Pain
Pyrexia
Haematuria
Recurrent UTI’s
Lower urinary tract symptoms
Chronic urinary retention

24
Q

What is the risk of bladder cancer in a patient presenting with visible haematuria?

A

25-30%

25
Q

What is the risk of renal cancer in a patient presenting with visible haematuria?

A

0.5-1%

26
Q

Lower urinary tract symptoms are not just specific to the bladder. What else could they be suggestive of?

A

Pelvic floor dysfunction
Neurological causes
Systemic disorders e.g. renal or cardiac failure

27
Q

Which part of the brain has the micturition centres?

A

Pons

28
Q

What are the two phases of micturition?

A

Storage/filling phase
Voiding phase

29
Q

What is acute urinary retention?

A

Painful inability to void with a palpable and percussible bladder

30
Q

What is the main risk factor of acute urinary retention?

A

Benign Prostatic Obstruction

31
Q

What is the treatment of acute urinary retention?

A

Catheterisation

32
Q

Is acute urinary retention painful?

A

Yes

33
Q

Define chronic urinary retention?

A

Painless, palpable and percussible bladder after voiding

34
Q

What is the main cause of chronic urinary retention?

A

Detrusor muscle underactivity

35
Q

What does the diagnosis of a UTI require?

A

Microbiological evidence- MSSU
Symptoms of signs e.g. fever, pain, tenderness

36
Q

Who usually gets uncomplicated UTI’s?

A

Young sexually active females

37
Q

Hydronephrosis?

A

Swelling of the kidneys due to obstruction

38
Q

Which type of bacteria can cause UTI’s due to catheters, stents or stones?

A

Pseudomonas aerugisnosa

39
Q
A

Year 2- Urinary (22 decks)

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