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Year 2- Urinary > ECF Volume Regulation > Flashcards

ECF Volume Regulation Flashcards

1
Q

What are the major osmoles in ECF?

A

Na and Cl

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2
Q

What are the major ICF osmoles?

A

Potassium

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3
Q

The regulation of ECF volume is linked to the regulation of what?

A

Body sodium levels

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4
Q

What effect does more sodium in a compartment have on the amount of water in the compartment?

A

The more sodium, the more water which is retained

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5
Q

RECAP FROM FOM- lol x

How many litres of water in TBW?

A

42L

->TBW makes up approx. 60% of body

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6
Q

RECAP FROM FOM- lol x

How many litres of water in ECF?

A

14L

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7
Q

RECAP FROM FOM- lol x

How many litres of water in ICF?

A

28L

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8
Q

RECAP- what are the components of ECF?

A

Plasma and interstitial fluid

->11L for interstitial fluid and 3L for plasma

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9
Q

Hypovolaemia?

A

A condition that occurs when your body loses fluid, like water or blood

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10
Q

Give some times in which hypovolaemia occurs.

A

Vomiting, diarrhoea, excess sweating

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11
Q

What happens to salt and water levels in hypovolaemia?

A

Decrease

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12
Q

What is the renal response to hypovolaemia?

A

Reduced plasma volume which reduces venous pressure -> decrease in venous return, atrial pressure, end diastolic volumes which then impacts stroke volume, cardiac output and blood pressure

This stimulates the carotid sinus baroreceptors and reduces their inhibitory sympathetic discharge

All of this increases ADH

->woahhh okay, read through and just understand the pattern ig

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13
Q

RECAP- what effect does more ADH have on urine quantity and concentration?

A

Less urine but higher concentration

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14
Q

What effect does increased sympathetic discharge have?

A

Increased vasoconstriction, total peripheral resistance and blood pressure increases towards normal too

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15
Q

What effect does the increased sympathetic vasoconstriction, TPR and BP have on the kidneys?

A

Increased renal arterial constriction
Release of renin

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16
Q

What is renin?

A

Regulatory hormone of the kidney

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17
Q

What does renin stimulate the release of?

A

Angiotensin II

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18
Q

What does angiotensin II increase the reabsorption of in the proximal tubule?

A

NaCl and water

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19
Q

What does angiotensin II stimulate the release of?

A

Aldosterone

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20
Q

What effect does aldosterone have?

A

Increases NaCl and water reabsorption in the distal tubule

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21
Q

Okay to summarise this wee bit-
Which hormone increases reabsorption of NaCl and water in:
a. the proximal tubule
b. the distal tubule

A

a. Angiotensin II
b. Aldosterone

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22
Q

What are the changes seen in the kidney as a result of the increased sympathetic discharge?

A

-Increased renal nerve activity -> increased renal arteriolar constriction
-Increased renin

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23
Q

If there is increased renin, what will there also be an increase in?

A

Angiotensin II

-> and then in turn, increased angiotensin II increases the release of aldosterone

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24
Q

Is angiotensin II a vasodilator or vasoconstrictor?

A

Strong vasoconstrictor

25
Q

RECAP- what type of hormone is aldosterone?

A

Steroid hormone

26
Q

Smooth muscle of the afferent arteriole is specialised. It contains many cells with plentiful granules. What are these cells called?

A

Juxtaglomerular cells

27
Q

What two components make up the Juxtaglomerular apparatus?

A

Juxtaglomerular cells
Macula densa

->macula densa is a specialised loop of the distal tubule

28
Q

What hormone do Juxtaglomerular cells produce?

A

Renin

->remember, renin is a renal hormone, these cells are to do w renal system whilst others are more linked to brain etc.

29
Q

What do the Juxtaglomerular cell detect?

A

Changes in blood pressure as they don’t stretch as much in low BP

30
Q

What is produced by Juxtaglomerular cells when there is low BP?

A

Renin

31
Q

Renin is used to convert angiotensinogen into what?

A

Angiotensin I

32
Q

Which enzyme converts angiotensin I into angiotensin II?

A

ACE- angiotensin converting enzyme

33
Q

What is really the only function of angiotensin I?

A

To be converted into angiotensin II

34
Q

What effect does angiotensin II have on arterioles?

A

Constricts them

->remember, angiotensin II is a strong vasoconstrictor

35
Q

What effect does angiotensin II have on the hypothalamus?

A

Increased vasopressin/ADH release
Increased thirst

36
Q

What effect does angiotensin II have on the adrenal cortex?

A

Increase aldosterone release

37
Q

So, the amount of angiotensin II depends on what?

A

The amount of renin in the plasma

38
Q

Angiotensin II stimulates the aldosterone-secreting cells. Where are these cells found?

A

Zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex

39
Q

What are some of the things which can control release of renin?

A
  1. Decreased pressure of afferent arteriole at level of JG cells
  2. Increased sympathetic nerve activity
40
Q

Via which type of receptors can increased sympathetic nerve activity cause release of renin?

A

Via beta-1 receptors

41
Q

How does angiotensin II increase water reabsorption from the collecting duct?

A

Acts on the hypothalamus to stimulate ADH secretion which increases water reabsorption

42
Q

In hypovolaemia, what does the body prioritise- osmolarity or volume?

A

Replenishes volume first before fixing osmolality

43
Q

Simple rule- if salt and water is lost…

A

Salt and water has to be replaced

44
Q

Which hormones promotes the excretion of sodium, therefore counteracting the sodium reabsorption?

A

ANP- atrial natriuretic peptide

45
Q

What would happen if aldosterone was given to an individual with adequate sodium from diet?

A

There would be sodium retention and loss of potassium

-> this would lead to weight gain due to retention of sodium and subsequent retention of water

46
Q

What is the effects of aldosterone at the distal tubule?

A

Increases sodium reabsorption
Increases potassium secretion

47
Q

Does aldosterone override ANP or does NAP override aldosterone?

A

ANP overrides aldosterone

48
Q

RECAP- hyperaldosteronism is a cause of which condition?

A

Conn’s syndrome

49
Q

RECAP- what causes hyperaldosteronism?

A

Tumour of the adrenal cortex

50
Q

Which cells secrete ANP and when do they do this?

A

Atrial cells in response to expansion of ECF volume

51
Q

What effect does ANP have on the hypothalamus?

A

Less ADH

52
Q

What effect does ANP have on the kidney?

A

Increased GFR
Decreased renin

53
Q

What effect does ANP have on the adrenal cortex?

A

Less aldosterone

54
Q

What effect does ANP have on the medulla oblongata?

A

Decreased blood pressure

55
Q

In uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, what is the rate of reabsorption in the renal tubule like?

A

Reduced compared to normal

56
Q

Ngl for the last two lectures in this part I have been struggling to make flashcards so may be worth a watch over if you can be bothered

A

Sorry x

57
Q

In the ascending loop of Henle, there is a transporter which co-transports three ions- which three?

A

Sodium, chloride and potassium

58
Q

Is the co-transportation of sodium, chloride and potassium active or passive?

A

Passive

-> energy is provided by the sodium-potassium pump

59
Q
A

Year 2- Urinary (22 decks)

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