The kidney 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What occurs when isotonic fluid flows down the descending limb?

A

Becomes more concentrated

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2
Q

What happens when isotonic fluid flows up the ascending limb?

A

Becomes less concentrated

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3
Q

How can the collecting duct concentrate urine?

A

When an osmotic gradient has been established between each limb

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4
Q

When can water be reabsorbed?

A

Osmotic gradient and tubule is permeable to water

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5
Q

When are the tubules permeable to water?

A

In the presence of vasopressin

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6
Q

Where is vasopressin produced?

A

Hypothalamus

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7
Q

What is vasopressin?

A

Hormone that is stored in the posterior pituitary gland and secreted into the blood stream

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8
Q

How is osmolarity of fluid detected?

A

Osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus

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9
Q

When is vasopressin released, triggering thirst?

A

Increased osmolarity

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10
Q

When is vasopressin inhibited, suspending thirst?

A

Decreased osmolarity

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11
Q

Why are collecting tubules in hairpin shapes?

A

To prevent NaCl and water permeability of capillary walls and avoiding destruction of osmotic gradient

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12
Q

What are the 3 classes of urine?

A

Normal=isotonic
Over hydration=hypotonic
Dehydration=hypertonic

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13
Q

What controls the exit of urine from the bladder?

A

Internal and external urethral sphincters

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14
Q

What is Na+ reabsorption controlled by?

A

Proximal tubule, loop of Henle and distal tubule (hormonal control)

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15
Q

What occurs when sodium load is high?

A

Extra water is held in extra cellular fluid causes an increase in kidney volume

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16
Q

What occurs when sodium load is low?

A

Less water is held in extra cellular fluid causing lower kidney volume

17
Q

What occurs if blood pressure is low?

A

Kidney cells secrete renin

18
Q

What is the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system?

A

Renin activates plasma protein to angiotensin I which is converted to angiotensin II which stimulates aldosterone secretion

19
Q

What is the role of aldosterone?

A

Increases sodium reabsorption

20
Q

How is salt excreted from the body?

A

Renin secretion is inhibited and sodium reabsorption stops and salt is excreted through urine

21
Q

How is potassium excreted?

A

Through proximal, distal and collecting tubules

22
Q

What stimulates secretion of potassium?

A

Aldosterone and acid

23
Q

How is pH controlled in the body?

A

Excretion of CO2 via the lungs and excretion of acid via the kidneys

24
Q

How is H+ generated for the body?

A

Disassociation of carbonic acid to give free H+

25
Q

How does the respiratory system reduce pH?

A

Preventing generation of H+ by removing CO2 and therefore preventing carbonic acid formation

26
Q

What are the 4 chemical buffering systems?

A

Bicarbonate system
Protein buffer system
Haemoglobin buffer system
Phosphate buffer system

27
Q

How is bicarbonate excreted?

A

Reabsorption of filtered HCO3- to plasma and addition of HCO3- to plasma

28
Q

How is HCO3- linked to H+ secretion?

A

As H+ is secreted HCO3- is transferred into plasma