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Physiology 2 > Digestion > Flashcards

Digestion Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the gastrointestinal system?

A

Disassemble ingested materials into absorbable forms, absorb the nutrients then expel the waste

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2
Q

What are the 4 mouth processes?

A

Apprehension
Mastication
Salivation
Deglutition

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3
Q

What is apprehension?

A

Teeth, lips and tongue moving food and retaining it in the mouth

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4
Q

What initiates mastication?

A

Somatic motor

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5
Q

Once initiated what happens to mastication?

A

It becomes automatic

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6
Q

How does mastication occur?

A

Rhythmic alternating in jaw depressor and elevator muscles

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7
Q

What is mastication controlled by?

A

Pattern generator in brainstem

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8
Q

What does chewing do?

A

Grinds food down, stimulates taste buds and increases saliva, gastric, pancreatic and bile secretions

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9
Q

What is saliva secreted from?

A

Parotids, sublingual and submaxillary glands

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10
Q

What does saliva contain?

A

99.5% water and the rest is ions, mucus, alpha-amylase and lysozyme

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11
Q

1st step of salivation

A

Plasma is filtered into the acinus

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12
Q

2nd step of salivation

A

Amylase and HCO3- are added to plasma

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13
Q

3rd step of salivation

A

Ions are reabsorbed from ductile into larger ducts

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14
Q

What does saliva break polysaccharide down to?

A

Maltose

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15
Q

How does saliva kill bacteria?

A

Lysozyme

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16
Q

How does saliva neutralise acid?

A

They include bicarbonate buffers

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17
Q

What reflexes cause saliva to be secreted?

A

Spontaneous, in response to stimulus, unconditional reflex and conditioned reflex

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18
Q

What causes spontaneous saliva secretion?

A

Parasympathetic nerves

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19
Q

What produces an unconditioned reflex for saliva secretion?

A

Chemo and pressure receptors

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20
Q

What produces a conditioned reflex for saliva secretion?

A

Oral stimulation

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21
Q

How does deglutition initiate swallowing?

A

Pushes the food to the back of the mouth

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22
Q

How is food moved through the oesophagus?

A

25 skeletal muscles propel food down where it is pushed through active peristalsis

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23
Q

What is the pharynx?

A

Part of the throat

24
Q

What is the oropharyngeal stage?

A

Mouth through pharynx into oesophagus

25
Q

How does the stomach help with digestion?

A

Strongly acidic (pepsin) medium weakens food structure

26
Q

What is chyme?

A

The acidic slurry that material becomes in the stomach

27
Q

Where is chyme ejected after digestion?

A

Duodenum

28
Q

What is the inner lining of the stomach called?

A

Mucosa

29
Q

What are the ridges of the stomach called?

A

Rugae

30
Q

What are the dotted pits in the stomach?

A

Gastric glands

31
Q

What is the top and bottom of the stomach called?

A

Fundus and antrum

32
Q

What material is in the gastric juice?

A

Water, HCl, pepsinogen, intrinsic factor and mucous

33
Q

Why is intrinsic factor important?

A

Absorption of B12

34
Q

What cells are in the gastric gland?

A

Parietal, enteroendocrine, chief and mucous cells

35
Q

Function of parietal cells

A

Use proton pumps to secrete acid and intrinsic factor into stomach

36
Q

Function of enteroendocrine cells

A

Secrete hormones into blood

37
Q

Function of chief cells

A

Secrete pepsinogen

38
Q

What causes gastric secretion to begin?

A

Arrival of food in stomach activates parasympathetic nerve

39
Q

How do parasympathetic nerves cause gastric secretion?

A

Activates gastrin and histamine release from G-cells and H-cells

40
Q

How long does it take the stomach to empty after eating?

A

2-4 hours

41
Q

What causes the stomach to empty?

A

Signals from small intestine

42
Q

What type of foods are held up for the longest?

A

Hot, fatty, acidic, hypertonic foods

43
Q

What is located between the oesophagus and stomach?

A

Rumen, reticulum and omasum

44
Q

Function of the rumen

A

Provides access to cellulose and hemicellulose

45
Q

Function of rumen in symbiotic microorganisms

A

Allows removal of waste such as volatile fatty acids and gases

46
Q

Disadvantages of the rumen

A

Takes up large amount of space for low nutrient content food

47
Q

What is in the top half of the rumen?

A

‘Raft’ of fibrous material
Surface lined with honeycomb pockets
CO2 and CH4 bubble

48
Q

What are the honeycomb pockets lined with?

A

Plicae

49
Q

What is in the lower half of the rumen?

A

Liquid containing digested material, microorganisms and saliva

50
Q

What is rumination?

A

Allows material to be chewed again to increase surface area and bacteria work

51
Q

Where does digested material go after the rumen?

A

Omasum

52
Q

Function of motor action in the rumen

A

Removes gas products of fermentation and initiates rumination

53
Q

What are the 2 cycles involved in mixing contents in the rumen?

A

A and B cycle

54
Q

1st step of A cycle

A

Double contraction of reticulum ejects material into omasum

55
Q

2nd step of A cycle

A

Fibrous ‘raft’ dislodges causing particles to sink

56
Q

3rd step of A cycle

A

Final contraction propels digested material into reticulum

57
Q

What is the B cycle?

A

Fermentation produces gas therefore gas bubbles move over cardia which allows them to escape

Physiology 2 (12 decks)

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