Control of respiration Flashcards
What type of breathing is sub-conscious and occurs at rest?
Quiet breathing
What is deep breathing?
Sub-conscious or deliberate and increases amplitude of ventilatory movements
What is forced breathing?
Deliberate, increases amplitude of ventilatory movements to limit of thoracic volume change
What are the short term challenges with the respiratory system?
Maintain oxygen supply and ensure CO2 removal from metabolising tissues
What are the long term challenges with the respiratory system?
Avoid or repay oxygen debts and ensure CO2 removal from blood
What is the short and long term challenge with the respiratory system?
Maintain blood pH
What changes are made to allow different gas supplies?
Frequency of ventilation
Depth of ventilation
Airway resistance
Amount of gas carried in blood
Rate of blood circulation
Passage of blood through tissues
How does the brain affect the respiratory system?
Control sub-conscious and conscious ventilation
Where is ventilation exerted?
Through nerves to diaphragm and intercostal muscles
What are the regulating factors of ventilation?
Blood PCO2, PO2 and H+
Where are the pons and medulla located?
Brainstem
Where do the pons and medulla receive information from?
Chemoreceptors, stretch receptors and cerebral cortex
Where does the pons send signals?
To the medulla
Where do signals go from the medulla?
Rhythmically to the spinal cord through inspiratory neurons
Where do signals go from the spinal cord?
To the diaphragm through cervical nerve 4
What is cervical nerve 4?
Phrenic nerve
What are the 4 sections of the brainstem?
Above pons
Mid-pons
Between pons and medulla
Below medulla
What occurs in the above pons?
Involuntary respiration with lower rhythmic frequency
What occurs in the mid-pons?
Lower frequency, deeper inspiration
What occurs between the pons and medulla?
Gasping or irregular inspiration
What occurs below the medulla?
No voluntary respiration
Role of cortex
Controls voluntary respiration
Role of pneumotaxic centre (PC)
Terminates and limits inspiration
What prevents inspiratory neurons from being turned off?
Apneustic centre (AC)
