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Physiology 2 > Digestion 2 > Flashcards

Digestion 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is chyme?

A

Fine particles of undigested material

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2
Q

Is chyme acidic or alkaline?

A

Acidic

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3
Q

What is in chyme?

A

Protein and polysaccharide fragments and fat

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4
Q

Role of exocrine pancreas

A

Provides main digestive fluid of the small intestine

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5
Q

What is the structure of the exocrine pancreas?

A

Similar to salivary gland

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6
Q

What is secreted by the pancreas?

A

Water, HCO3- and enzymes

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7
Q

What do parasympathetic nerves control for the pancreas?

A

ACh and VIP (vasoactive intestinal peptide)

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8
Q

What do gut hormones control in the pancreas?

A

HCO3- and enzyme rich secretion

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9
Q

Role of enterokinase

A

Catalyses trypsinogen to trypsin

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10
Q

Role of trypsin

A

Catalyses conversion of all enzymes to active forms

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11
Q

What does the liver receive?

A

All blood leaving the gastrointestinal tract

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12
Q

What does the liver produce?

A

Bile and important plasma proteins

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13
Q

What does the metabolic control centre store?

A

Carbohydrates, amino acids and fats

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14
Q

What can the metabolic control centre convert amino acids to?

A

Other amino acids or sugars

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15
Q

What does the metabolic control centre monitor?

A

Blood levels

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16
Q

What does the liver do with old red blood cells?

A

Destroys them and breaks down the haemoglobin

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17
Q

How does the liver improve blood quality?

A

Removes toxins and foreign components

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18
Q

Role of bile salts

A

Aid absorption of fats

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19
Q

Examples of bile salts

A

Cholic and chenodeoxycholic acid

20
Q

Role of bile pigments

A

Breakdown products of haemoglobin

21
Q

Examples of bile pigments

A

Biliverdin and bilirubin

22
Q

How do bile salts cause fats to be absorbed?

A

Form a hydrophilic shell around the fat to diffuse through villus tip

23
Q

What causes contractions of the gall bladder?

A

Cholecystokinin

24
Q

Role of gall bladder

A

Release stored bile into duodenum

25
Q

What is the final site of chemical breakdown and absorption of food?

A

Small intestine

26
Q

Role of enterocytes

A

Absorption across walls of villi

27
Q

How long to enterocytes live for?

A

2-3 days

28
Q

What happens when enterocytes differentiate?

A

They develop brush borders, digestive enzymes and transporter proteins

29
Q

What are propulsive movements?

A

Shifts material along the gut

30
Q

Role of mixing movements

A

Mixes digesta with secretions and ensures material is close to villi

31
Q

What is peristalsis?

A

Propulsive movement coordinated by enteric nerves

32
Q

How is peristalsis initiated?

A

Stretching of intestinal walls

33
Q

What occurs to muscles during peristalsis?

A

Muscle behind digesta contracts and muscle in front relaxes

34
Q

What causes segmentation of the digesta?

A

Stretching of the intestine

35
Q

How does segmentation occur?

A

Contractions of muscle at regular intervals of the digesta

36
Q

Role of segmentation

A

Easier absorption

37
Q

Parts of the large intestine

A

Colon
Cecum
Appendix
Rectum

38
Q

Role of colon

A

Stores material and absorbs water and salt

39
Q

What are bowel movements?

A

Slow contractions that mix materials

40
Q

What are mass movements?

A

Large contractions that push faeces down the colon

41
Q

What is the gastrocolic reflex?

A

Mass movements that occur when food enters the stomach

42
Q

What is the defecation reflex?

A

Faeces entering rectum causes internal anal sphincter to relax

43
Q

What must occur before defecation?

A

Relaxation of external anal sphincter

44
Q

What causes disruption of the digestive system?

A

Emotional problems
Vomiting
Diarrhoea
Constipation

45
Q

How do emotions effect gastric motility?

A

Autonomic nerves alter gastric smooth muscle excitability

46
Q

How does vomiting occur?

A

Action of the diaphragm and abdominal muscles

47
Q

What causes diarrhoea?

A

Excessive intestinal motility and osmotically active particles in digestive tract

Physiology 2 (12 decks)

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