The IR Theory of china

Question 1

why does Balance of Power theory may not explain outcomes as accurately in Asia as Europe.

Answer 1

a. This is because of China’s historically benign hegemony in the past.
b. It is unclear how China’s power will be affected by environmental change.
c. It is possible we are observing the preliminary stages of balancing, in the form of soft balancing.

Question 2

why does Power Transition wars, consequently, may not be as likely as elsewhere

Answer 2

The surpassing of the US economy and power by China may not result in a war. This is because China’s regime stability depends on open trade, which would be blocked by a war.

Question 3

3. In East Asia, it is common to make a civilizational distinction between East versus West, which may take on a reality. true or false

Answer 3

true

Question 4

what are the three Structural Theories of IR in East Asia (Johnston ):

Answer 4

1. Balance of Power theory may not explain outcomes as accurately in Asia as Europe.,
2. Power Transition wars, consequently, may not be as likely as elsewhere,
3. common to make a civilizational distinction between East versus West,

Question 5

what are the three behavioral practices that supplement the practices of realism

Answer 5

1. Engagement: diplomatic interaction in order to alter a state’s preferences.
2. Hedging: Investing in both deterrence and assurance, typical of dealing with low threats.
3. Insurance: Making low level alliance associations in the event of threat emergence.

Question 6

what is a Tribute System

Answer 6

An exchange process whereby local powers sent delegations to the Chinese capital in exchange for diplomatic recognition and political endorsement

Question 7

what are the three Hierarchy versus Anarchy system

Answer 7

Tribute System, Mandala System, Patron-Client relations

Question 8

what is the Mandala System

Answer 8

Loose hierarchical system built around a political center, and extending across seas. ( Southeast Asia)

Question 9

what is Patron-Client relations

Answer 9

In the East Asian context, because of the traditional tremendous power of China relative to other states, smaller states tended to be compliant in exchange for domestic autonomy.

Question 10

East Asian institutions tend to be..

Answer 10

endogenous (dependent on the distribution of the power of its members), with small secretariats and little independence, in comparison with North Atlantic institutions that tend to be exogenous (where institutions are independent actors)

Question 11

what does East Asian institutions lack of

Answer 11

enforcement mechanisms ex;, ASEAN and SCO are less institutionalized than the EU or NATO

Question 12

what are some difference between East Asian institutions and North Atlantic institutions

Answer 12

East Asian institutions are for the most focused on dealing with internal threats, whereas North Atlantic institutions, like the EU and NATO, are focused outward as a reaction to the threat of communism during the Cold War. North Atlantic institutions are stricter with regard to domestic governance, requiring democracy and resolution of irredentism with neighbors as a condition of membership. East Asian institutions tend to provide greater non-interference in domestic affairs.

Question 13

why during the Cold War, the US led a multilateral alliance in the North Atlantic, but the US’s security in East Asia was through bilateral treaties, such as with Japan, Taiwan, Korea and ANZUS

Answer 13

1. East Asian states, unlike the status quo states of Europe, were revisionist, and thus would be less easily managed by the US through a multilateral institution. The main threat is entrapment, where an organization’s members will detach from an organization if it is likely they will be dragged into a conflict that is not in their interest.
2. The US did not see East Asian states as competent defense alliance partners, in the way it saw the leading members of NATO.
3. East Asian states abided by the norm of avoiding great power conflict, and so avoided joining multilateral defense alliances directed against other major powers.

Question 14

is history memory important in east Asia

Answer 14

yes

Question 15

Memories of European colonialism in India and China has affected to make for more aggressive foreign policy in three ways

Answer 15

1. Narratives of victimhood.
2. Sensitive to challenges of domestic sovereignty
3. Sensitivity to territorial concessions.

Question 16

Memories affect the popularity even of leaders of authoritarian states, who can be more dismissive of audience costs. This is for three reasons

Answer 16

1. During selection for a new leader, competition between candidates increases their sensitivity to popular opinion.
2. Non-democratic leaders that are sensitive to their legitimacy will rely on popular opinion.
3. Leaders may make use of memory, or may create memory, to justify foreign policy.