Liberalism

Question 1

what is liberalism

Answer 1

an approach that explains outcomes in the international system based on the type of political regime in a state, or international institutions, instead of a focus on power.

Question 2

liberalism is a reformulation of what

Answer 2

the legalist approach, that was severely delegitimized with the rise of fascism in the 1930s.

Question 3

what is An important liberal critique of realism

Answer 3

unitary rational actor assumption

Question 4

what is unitary rational actor assumption

Answer 4

the realist assumption that states can assumed to behave like individual decision-makers. Realists make this a deliberately simplifying assumption to make realist theories more parsimonious. too simple

Question 5

what can we do instead of assuming states behave like individual decision-makers

Answer 5

an examination of the interaction of the domestic actors can provide more accurate predictions of outcomes. Democratic, authoritarian, totalitarian, or military governments have different domestic constitutional configurations, which produce different policy effects.

Question 6

who said that democracies do not go to war against each other.

Answer 6

Bush and later, Clinton

Question 7

what is the Democratic Peace Theory

Answer 7

democracies do not go to war against each other.

Question 8

what do the statistical evidence say about the Democratic Peace Theory

Answer 8

democracies tend not to initiate wars, but do embark on them more frequently. However, democracies are no more likely to be peaceful than non-democratic states.

Question 9

when does regional peace occur

Answer 9

Regional peace occurs when strong states with established inner peace enter into relations.

Question 10

in what system democratic peace doesn’t exist

Answer 10

Liberal Imperialism

Question 11

who believed in Liberal Imperialism

Answer 11

classical greeks and northern Italian ( machiavelli )

Question 12

who invented Liberal Internationalism

Answer 12

Kant

Question 13

what is called the separate peace ( Kant )

Answer 13

Pacific union

Question 14

what three articles would contain the pacific union

Answer 14

I). State have a republican constitution: moral autonomy, individualism, social order.
(II). Republics create pacific union.
(III). Cosmopolitan Law: laws apply to locals and foreign (permits commerce

Question 15

can war happen outside the union ( Kant )

Answer 15

yes, protect freedom, property, or support liberal allies

Question 16

what is democracies

Answer 16

Democracies are states with a liberal ideology that includes: free speech, regular competitive elections, almost universal suffrage, have had at least one democratic change of government.

Question 17

who talked about polyarchy

Answer 17

Robert Dahl

Question 18

what are the points of polyarchy

Answer 18

(1) . Freedom to form and join organizations.
(2) . Freedom of expression.
(3) . Right to Vote.
(4) . Eligibility for Public Office.
(5) . Right of political leaders to compete for support (and votes).
(6) . Alternative sources of information (media).
(7) . Free and fair elections.
(8) . Institutions for making government policies depend on votes and other expressions of preference.

Question 19

who talked about Liberal Pacifism

Answer 19

Joseph Schumpeter

Question 20

what is Liberal Pacifism

Answer 20

capitalism + democracy creates liberal pacifism.
Defn “Liberal”: (i) individual freedom, (ii) political participation, (iii) private property, (iv) equality of of opportunity.

Question 21

what is one problem of democracy

Answer 21

measurement of a democracy

Question 22

one example of problem of measurement of a democracy

Answer 22

the U.S. a score of 9 on 10 as a democracy in 1812 (when slavery was still practised and women lacked legal rights) but gives Peru only a 2 on 10 in 1994, despite having a wider franchise.

Question 23

what are the three explanation for democratic peace

Answer 23

_(1): Normative: social norms
(2): Structural: institutional constraints;
_(3): Organizational:

Question 24

what is the normative explanation for democratic peace

Answer 24

Democratic states do not go to war against each other when there is a mutual recognition that they are both democratic, because they have a mutual expectation of liberal treatment.

reasonable, predictable, and trustworthy.

Citizens only support war if it brings peace, and are therefore more likely to support war against illiberal states. Illiberal leaders are therefore selected-out.

Question 25

what is the structural explanation for democratic peace

Answer 25

The same domestic institutions that encourage peaceful negotiations and compromise, cause democratic states to interact with each other on that same basis.
_The more mature the democracy, the greater is the above tendency.
_Democratic interactions with non-democratic states does not lead to the same restraint: democracies have participated in imperialism and wars of conquest.
_Structural domestic practices are extended to the creation of compatible international organizations.

Question 26

what is the Organizational explanation for democratic peace

Answer 26

Assumptions: (1). leaders seek policies that will minimize their displacement by other groups; (2). Democratic leaders seek a plurality (the largest group) of voters, whereas authoritarian leaders appeal to a smaller number of constituents; (3). Democratic leaders are more likely to erode the size of their coalition by alienating minority supporters.
_Therefore: The longer the tenure of an authoritarian leader, the more likely they are to believe they will survive a political gamble, and so they are more likely to risk engaging in war.

Question 27

know at least 4 democracy on democracy wars

Answer 27

1796-1798 US-France
1803-1812 US-UK
1861-1863 US-UK
1863 Ecuador-Columbia
1870 France-Prussia
1895-1896 US-UK
1898 Spanish-American War 
1899 United States-Philippines (Second Philippine War)
1899-1902 Anglo-Boer War
1919 Lithuanian-Polish War
1940 UK-France
1940: French-Thailand War
1941-1944 Finland v. Australia, Canada, New Zealand, South Africa, UK, United States
1948 Israeli-Lebanon
1965 India-Pakistan
1967 Israel-Lebanon
1971 India-Pakistan
1974 Cyprus-Turko-Cypriots
1981-1982 Israel-Lebanon
1999 NATO-Serbia 
2006 Israel-Lebanon 
2008 Russia-Georgia

Question 28

what are the problems of democratic peace theory

Answer 28

(1) No theoretical foundation could be a spurious effect (Gibler 2007). ( border disputes )
(2) Tautological definitions: defns of democracy and war change to protect proposition. For example, property and gender requirements excluded many from voting up to the early twentieth century. ( definitions change over time )
(3) DPT is not statistically significant – there are very few opportunities for democracies to fight one another;
(4) Problem of subjectivity: desire for peace/war determined democratic/despotic. _Mutual Perceptions are crucial
(5) Problem of illiberal democracies: Iran: vote and assembly, but absence of freedom for the individual.
(6) Democracies are very fragile, and so states under wartime threat are rarely democracies.

Question 29

when does democracy undermines itself

Answer 29

if (1) it does not deliver material wealth; (2) it destroys traditional ways of life.

Question 30

list of exemptions ( hypothesis )

Answer 30

H1: Lib state trust lib state and distrust illib state. ( exemption of South Africa alliances with us and uk )
_H2: Lib expect pax with other lib state. ( India scared of usa Indo-Pakistan war )
_H3: Lib states share ends with other lib states but not with illib states.
_H4: Lib will not change assessment of other states unless change institution.
_H5: Lib elites will agitate for their polices during war-threatening crises with other lib states. ( CIA and Guatemala 1954 )
_H6: During crises, lib states follow lib policy. (

Question 31

what are the alternative explanations for the democratic peace

Answer 31

1) . Transnational organizations make peace. All of the hegemons in the post-Napoleonic period were democracies, so they imposed institutions on the international system.
(2) . Distance prevents war.
(3) . Alliances make peace.
(4) . Wealth makes peace.
(5) . Political stability makes peace.
(6) . Common culture causes both peace and democracy (Henderson 2002).

Question 32

who are the most war prone

Answer 32

states in democratic transitions (Serbia )