international organization

Question 1

what are the assumptions of neorealist

Answer 1

_(1): Cooperation is very difficult because states are driven by fear of each other (today’s friend can be tomorrow’s enemy).
_(2): Since only states matter, international organizations do not. The implication is that institutions only reflect the state, and have no independent status.
_(3): Relative gains matter. Elaboration: because the struggle for survival is a zero-sum game, A’s gain is B’s loss. Therefore you have to ensure your opponent does not get ahead of you. This implies it is better to be poor and ahead than behind and rich (defensive positionalists: fear of elimination).
_Example: “Qui ne gagne rien, perd” Catherine the Great on relative gains

Question 2

what is Liberal Institutionalists

Answer 2

emphasize the role of institutions in international cooperation

Question 3

what are the three major assumptions of Liberal Institutionalists

Answer 3

1. Anarchy can be mitigated ( less bad, weaken ) by institutions facilitating cooperation.
   (2) : International institutions are independent actors that can compete with states.
   (3) : State are not the most important actors in the international system: institutions also matter and have a large role.

Question 4

what are the Implications of liberal institutionalist assumptions

Answer 4

_(1): Cooperation is not easy, but international organizations facilitate it.
_(2): Survival is not the main preoccupation of states: states seek absolute gains (prefer to be rich and behind than ahead and poor – rational egoists: the main problem is cheating).

Question 5

what are the two sources of disagreement that makes cooperation difficult

Answer 5

preferences of goals: (what to get) and preferences over strategies o cooperation: (how to get there).

Question 6

what is the goals of institutions

Answer 6

alter interests of states but states don’t change that by others but by themselves with new information

Question 7

what are the Strategies of Cooperation

Answer 7

1) The institution REDUCES TRANSACTION COST
(2): In order to reduce the risk and damage inflicted by a defection from an agreement, the institution can BREAK LARGE TRANSACTIONS (decomposition) down into smaller units (or have an interaction spread out over time).
_(3): Institutions can INCREASE TRANSPARANCY
_(4): Institutions can MANAGE ISSUE LINKAGE. If over a given issue, the distribution of benefits is not apparently fair, then one of the states can make a side payment to the other state in another issue area.
_(5): Institutions can help states make commitments through SUNK COST (HOSTAGES )
6. THE THREAT OF RETALIATION TO A DEFECTION EXPLICIT
7. Institutions can foster the CREATION OF RECIPROCITY that is, a strategy of interaction that builds upon (a) the opponent’s past behavior and, (b) the promises of future gains (shadow of the future).

Question 8

what was the The Concert of Europe’s principal purpose

Answer 8

to limit the likelihood of revolution, mainly through cooperation and the promise of not sponsoring revolutionaries in other states’ societies.

Question 9

who were the members of The Concert of Europe

Answer 9

England, Russia, Prussia, Austria-Hungary, and defeated France

Question 10

until when did the Concert of Europe lasted?

Answer 10

close consultation lasted until 1823 (eight years), but the general agreement not to export revolution lasted until the Crimean War in 1853, during which England and France fought Russia.

Question 11

why did the the Concert of Europe failed

Answer 11

the relative gains: the states became suspicious of each other that they were using the Concert for immediate gain, and not to uphold the principle of revolutionary non-interference.

Question 12

who listed four requirements for the existence of a Concert

Answer 12

Robert Jervis

Question 13

what are the four requirements for the existence of a Concert

Answer 13

(1) All the members must be status quo powers.
(2) All the members must believe that the other members share common values.
(3) There must be no belief that the status quo can only be defended through expansion.
(4) War must be seen as costly, not profitable.

Question 14

is nato Collective Security

Answer 14

no, NATO is a war alliance, and its self-identification as a collective security organization is designed to calm domestic aversion.

Question 15

what is Collective Security

Answer 15

It’s a security system wherein states collectively agree to peacefully regulate their behaviors, and to permit change peacefully.

Question 16

what is the purpose of Collective Security

Answer 16

prevent war by redefining state interaction peacefully, The legalistic regulation of behavior is intended to overcome the anarchy of the international system, thereby reducing the incentive to go to war.

Question 17

who talked about three components of collective security

Answer 17

British Foreign Minister George Canning.

Question 18

what are the three component of collective security

Answer 18

1). States must trust each other and renounce aggression.
_(2). States must not act solely on self-interest, but think of the effect of their policies.
_(3). Deal with transgressors collectively.

Question 19

Collective Security has a number of logical flaws, what are they

Answer 19

1. Does not address the effects of the security dilemma.
2. States do not trust each other and therefore cannot act collectively because:
   (a) . Impossible to distinguish between an aggressor and a victim, and therefore who is the transgressor.
   (b) . Impossible to distinguish between good and bad aggression.
   (c) . States would be reluctant to punish a friendly transgressor.
   (d) . Relative gains and burden-sharing will weaken collective action.
   (e) . The slow reaction of the community of states will encourage fait accompli attacks.
   (f) States will resist cooperating as it constitutes a threat to state sovereignty.
   (g) Attitudes to the use of force will inhibit responsible states to help threatened states

Question 20

in reality, when does the Collective Security works?

Answer 20

against smaller states when the great powers are in consensus, which tends only to occur in the period immediately after a hegemonic war.

Question 21

why European integration

Answer 21

_The idea of European integration has its origins in how the French were to manage Germany, a state larger and wealthier, but also geographically more insecure, than France. The American push for European integration was to create a Europe wealthy enough to pay for its own defense against the Soviet Union in Eastern Europe.

Question 22

what was called The first attempt at European integration

Answer 22

federalism

Question 23

why did federalism failed

Answer 23

too far too fast