The inner ear chapter 11 Flashcards
The function of the inner ear is to ________ the mechanical energy delivered from the middle ear to electrochemical (hydrodynamic) energy.
transduce
In addition to information about hearing, the inner ear also reports information regarding the body’s position and movement in a _________.
bioelectrical code
Labyrinth
inner ear
are through which access may be gained to various chambers of the inner ear
vestibule
The vestibule is filled with a fluid called ________
perilymph
It is within the vestibular portion of the inner ear that the organs of _______ are housed.
equilibrium
The vestibular system relies on the forces of ______ and _______
gravity
inertia
Two fluids found within the inner ear are ________ and ________
perilymph
endolymph
Within the vestibule are membranous sacs called _________ and __________
utricle and saccule
The Utricle and the saccule are surrounded by ________ and contain another liquid called ________
perylimph
endolymph
The end organ for balance within the utricle is ________
macula acoustica utriculi
Arising from the utricle are the superior, lateral, and posterior __________ which are also membranous containing __________ and surrounded om a ;large;y bony cavern by _________.
semicircular canals
endolymph
perilymph
Each _______ contains an end organ _______ that provides a sense of equilibrium.
ampulla
crista
Disturbance of the vestibular mechanist often results in the sensation of true turning called _______. It is associated with rapid eye movements called __________
vertigo
nystagmus
Cyr and Moller recommend that children be tested for vestibular dysfunction if:
1) they show delayed or abonormal motor function
2) they take ototoxic medications
3) they have spontaneous nystagmus
4) there is suspected neurological disease
It would probably be advisable to carry out vestibular testing on children with ______________ hearing loss whenever possible because many of them apparently suffer from significant vestibular abnormalities.
Sensory/neural
The portion of the inner ear is responsible for equilibrium is called the ________ and the portion responsible for hearing is called the ________
vestibule
cochlea
The three fluid-containing channels of the inner ear are the ____________, ____________, and ___________
scala tympani
scala vestibuli
scala media
The end organ of hearing found within the scala media of the cochlea. Everything takes place picksup the sound before it goes to the auditory nerve.
organ of corti
Produces the endolymph and supplies oxygen and other nutrients to the cochlea
stria vascularis
The basilar membrane supports the _______, while Reisssner’s membrane separates the scala vestibuli from the _______
organ of corti
scala media
tones of lower frequency with longer wavelength show ________ displacement near the apical end
maximum
tones of high frequency with shorter frequency with shorter wavelengths show ________ displacement near the basal end
maximum
neuron
specialized cell designed as a conductor of nerve impulses
synapses
connections between neurons
once a neuron’s threshold has been reached, it fires with its maximum charge, a phenomenon known as the __________
all-or-none principle
the act of conveying information between neurons is called ________
neurotransmission
chemical substances that cause activation or inhibition or adjacent neurons are released at end of nerve cell junctions
neurotransmitters
The _______ is the transducer that converts sound waves into an energy from useful to the auditory nerve.
cochlea
The measurable electrical response of the hair cells of the cochlea
cochlear microphonic
afferent neurons transmit impulses _______ the cochlea, while efferent neurons transmit impulses _______ the cochlea.
from
toward
the structures within the cochlea consists of many tiny resonators, each tuned to a specific frequency
resonance theory of hearing
spontaneous otoacoustic emissions are generated in the _______
outer hair cells of the cochlea
Differentiation of the inner ear begins during the _____ week of gestation, and it reached adult size and configuration by the ______ month
3rd
6th
cochlear hearing loss most frequently results from pathology involving the _________
hair cells
__________ hearing loss is the expected result of abnormality of the cochlea
sensory/neural
dysacusis
distortion of an auditory signal that is associated with loss of auditory sensitivity. Evidence by poor word recognition.
hypacusis
loss of hearing sensitivity
Patients with greater cochlear hearing losses have more _______
dysacusis
________ may affect both the auditory and vestibular mechanisms, producing symptoms of hearing loss and vertigo.
labyrinthitis
Drugs taken by the patient that produce hearing loss are called _________ and typically affect _____ frequency hearing.
ototoxic
high
who appears to have a higher incidence of hearing loss from noise, men or women?
men
Noise-induced hearing loss is generally caused by damage to the ______ and frequently results in a notch in the _____ Hz range on the audigoram.
cochlea
4000
The maximum exposrue level before hearing conservation measure must be implemented is _____ dB for an eight hour work shift.
85
________ refers to a hearing loss, usually unilateral, that may develop over the course of a few days or occur seemingly instantaneously, with many patients claiming that they awoke from sleep in the morning to find that their hearing had changes.
sudden idiopathic sensory/neural hearing loss
hearing loss caused by the aging process is called
presbycusis
strial degeneration may be the primary contributor to _______
presbycusis
________ is a cavity in the inner ear resembling a snails hell and responsible for converting sound waves into and electrochemical signal that can be sent to the brain for interpretation.
Cochlea
three loops in the vestibular portion of the inner ear responsible for the sensation of turning.
semicircular canals
a protrusion into the middle ear, at its labyrinthine wall produced by the basal turn off the cochlea.
Premontory
high frequency sounds are
basal
lower frequency sounds are
apical end
the fluid contained in both the auditory and vestibular portions of the bony labyrinth of the inner ear
Perilymph
the fluid contained within the membranous labyrith of the inner ear in both the auditory canal and vestibular portions
endolymph
the thickened outer portion of the periosteum of the cochlear duct which forms a spiral band and attaches to the basillar membrane
spiral ligament
Eighth cranial nerve which comprises auditory and vestibular branches, passing from the inner ear to the brainstem
auditory nerve
a passage at the apical end of the cochlea connecting the scala vestibli with the scala tympani
helicotrema
a membrane extending the entire length of the cochlea, separating the scala media fromt eh scala vestibuli
Reissner’s membrane
a membrane extending the entire length of the cochlea separating the scala tympani from the scala media and supporting the organ of corti
basilar membrane
a vascular strip that lies along the outer wall of the scala media. It is responsible for the secretion and absorption of the endolymph, it supplies oxygen and nutrients to the organ of corti, and it affects the positive DC potential of the endolymph.
stria vascularis
the central pillar of hte cochlea
modiolus
a membrane above the organ of corti in the scala media in which the tips o the cilia of the hair cells are embedded
tectorial membrane
protoplasmic filament on the surface of a hair cell (noise exposure)
stereocilia
Outter hair cells
sensation of loudness
damage to outer hair cells
lose ability to hear soft sounds
what hair cells are attacked first?
outter
what seperates the outer and inner hair cells
corti’s arch
arranged anatomically acocrding to best frequency of stimulation
tonotopic
carrying messages from the ear to the brain
afferent
receiving impulses from teh brain
efferent
the lower part of the brain above the medulla and the pons behind the brain stem. it is the seat of posture and integrated movements.
cerebellum
the part of the cerebral hemispheres usually associated with the perception of sound
temporal love
loss of hearing sensitivity produced by damage to the cochlea or the neural structures that lie beyond
sensorineural hearing loss
sounds emanating from teh cochlea that can be dtected int eh external auditory canal with probe tube microphones
otacoustic emission
risk factors for permanent congenital hearing loss
familyhistory of permanent childhood hearing loss
mechanical ventilation
in utero infections such as cmv rubella herpes syphillis toxoplassmois
craniofacial anomalies
ototoxic medications or loop diuretics
hyperbillrubinemia
syndrome associated with hearing loss
hearing loss from loud impulsive sound such as gunfire or explosions
acoustic trauma
hearing loss associated with the aging process
presbycusis
inflammation of the meninges the three protective coverings of the brain and spinal cord
meningitis
ear or head noises usually described as ringing roaring or hissing
tinnitus
distortion of the auditory signal that is associated with loss of auditory sensitivity evidence by poor word recognition
dysacusis
a disease of the inner ear whose symptoms include tinnitus vertigo and hearing loss
the hearing loss usually fluctuates and is often unilateral
meniere disease
