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Anatomy And Physiology 2 > The Immune System > Flashcards

The Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

What does the lymphatic system consist of

A

Lymphatic tissue
Bone marrow
Lymph
Lymphatic vessels

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2
Q

What does the lymphatic system do?

A

Protects us against disease

Lymphoid cells respond to
- environmental pathogens
Toxins
Abnorma body cells such as cancers

To produce, maintain and distribute lymphocytes

Return of fluid and solutes from peripheral tissue to blood

Distribute hormones, nutrients and waft produces from tissue of origin to circulation

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3
Q

What are the pathogens that can cause disease

A

Viruses

Bacteria

Fungi

Parasites

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4
Q

Explain the 4 parts of the lymphatic system

A

Lymph - similar to plasma without plasma proteins

Lymphatic vessels - carry lymph from peripheral tissues to venous system

Lymphoid tissues e.g lymph nodes and lymphoid organs e.g thymus, spleen, bone marrow

Lymphoid cells (lymphocytes, phagocytes)

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5
Q

Where is thymus

A

Behind spleen

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6
Q

Where are lymphocytes produces

A

Lymphoid tissues
Lymphoid organs
Red bone marrow

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7
Q

What do lymphocytes do

A

Detective problems
Travel to site of injury or infection

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8
Q

Explain lymphatic vessels and capillaries

A

Vessels begin as capillaries which are closed at one end

L capillaries located between cells of many tissues

Merge to form vessels which have thin walls and many vessels

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9
Q

What are the differences between lymphatic vessels and blood capillaries

A

Start as blind pockets rather than tubes

Have large diameters

Thinner walls

Flat or irregular in section

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10
Q

What stops backflow of lymphatic fluids

A

Valves in lymphatic vessels

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11
Q

Explain lymph trunks and ducts

A

From the lymphatic vessels, lymph passes through lymph nodes and then into lymph duct

Trunks: lumbar, intestinal, bronchomefiastinal, subclavian and jugular trunks

Lymph trunks then merge to form thoratic duct or right lymphatic duct

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12
Q

What does the right lymphatic duct do

A

Clear from upper right quadrant

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13
Q

What are the kinds of circulating lymphocytes

A

T cells: thymus dependent

B cells: bone marrow derived

NK cells: natural killer cells, bone marrow derived

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14
Q

What can red bone marrow cells become?

A

Lymphoid stem cells

Then either:

Natural killer or b cells

Migrate to thymus then T cells

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15
Q

Okay are the primary lymphatic organs

A

Where they become immunocompitant

Red bone marrow
Thymus

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16
Q

Okay are the primary lymphatic organs

A

Where they become immunocompitant

Red bone marrow
Thymus

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17
Q

What are the secondary lymphatic organs

A

Lymph nodes
Spleen
Lymphoid nodules

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18
Q

Explain the structure of a lymph node

A

Afferent vessels - coming in

Efferent vessels- leaving (fluid)

Germinal centre - where b cells mature and produce antibodies

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19
Q

What is the difference between lymph organs and lymphoid nodules

A

Lymph organs (lymph nodes, thymus, spleen) are separated from surrounding tissue by fibrous capsule

Nodule = bundle of tissue without fibrous capsule
E.g tonsils, appendix, digestive system

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20
Q

Explain the flow of lymph

A

Interstitial fluid
L capillaries
L vessels
L trunks
L ducts
Subclavian veins

21
Q

Explain how fluid flows through lymph node sinuses

A

Subcapsular space
Outer cortex
Deep cortex
Core
Hilium and efferent lymphatics

22
Q

What does the lymph node do

A

Filter lymph before returns to venous circulation

Removes debris, pathogens, antigens

23
Q

Where are the lymph nodes (glands

A

Groin and base of neck

24
Q

What is lymphadenopathy

A

Chronic enlargement of nodes

Infection/endocrine disorder/ cancer

25
Q

What is innate vs specific immunity

A

Innate - non specific

Adaptive- specific

26
Q

What is non specific immunity

A

Block any potential pathogens

Present from birth

No memory

27
Q

What is specific immunity

A

Identify and attack and develop immunity to specific antigen

Acquired response to antigen

28
Q

What are the 7 categories aif non specific defence

A

Physical barriers

Phagocytic cells

Immunological surveillance (no cells)

Interferons (antiviral)

Complement system

Inflammation

Fever

29
Q

What are the physical barriers

A

Tears

Skin -
Anatomic barrier, sweat and sebum
Anti microbial secretions e.g lactic and ffas
Low ph

Urine
Acidic

Stomach acid
Enzymes

Respiratory
Mucosa
Ciliated epithelium
Antibodies
Phagocytes

30
Q

Explain phagocytosis and antigen presentation

A

Engulphs pathogen

Lysozyme breaks it up

Antigen binds

Antigen then binds to cell membrane

31
Q

What are the classes of phagocytes

A

Phagocytic cells: remove debris and pathogens

Macrophages -
Neutrophils and eosinophils
Leave bloodstream
Enter peripheral tissue to fight infection

Macrophages
Distributed throughout body
Make up monocyte macrophage system
Fixed or free

32
Q

Explain activated macrophages

A

Engulf and destroy pathogen with lysosomal enzymes

Bind to pathogen so other cells can destroy it

Destroy by releasing toxic chemicals to interstitial fluid

33
Q

Explain immunological surveillance by nk cells

A
  1. Recognition and adhesion
  2. Realignment of Golgi apparatus
  3. Secrete perforin

4, lysis of abnormal cell

34
Q

Explain anti viral interferons

A

Interferons = proteins released by lymphocyte and macrophage

Alpha stim nk
Beta slow inflammation
Gamma stim macrophage

35
Q

Explain the complement system

A

Enhances ability of phagocytes ans antibodies to clear pathogen

36
Q

What are the effects of complement activation

A
  1. Attract phagocytes
  2. Enhance them
  3. Stim inflammation
  4. Destroy target cell membrane
37
Q

Explain inflammation and tissue repair

A

More blood flow

Mast cells release histamine

Phagocytes move to site

Neutophils move to cite

Clot

Activate fibrinogen

38
Q

Explain fever

A

Increase body temp due to release of pyrogens

Mobilises defences

Accelerated repair

Inhibits pathogens

39
Q

What are the two main divisions of specific immunity

A
  1. Cell mediated immunity T cells
    T cells only recognise fragments of antigenic proteins that are processes and presented in a certain way
  2. Humoral or antibody mediated immunity (B cells)
    B cells can recognise and bind to antigens in lymph, interstitial fluid or blood plasma
40
Q

What are MHC proteins

A

Class one
On all nucleated cells

Two
Antigen presenting cells
Lymphocytes

41
Q

How does the specific immune system recognise foreign antigens

A

Free living - exogenous

Inside host cells - endogenous

White blood cells differentiate self antigens - expressed on cell surface
Non self antigens - presented on cell surface

42
Q

Explain cell mediated immunity

A

Mediated by T cells

3 main types of T cells

  1. Cytotoxic - cell mediated immunity, destroy virally infected cells
  2. Helper T cells - stimulate function of T and b cells
  3. Suppressor T cells - inhibits T and B
43
Q

Explain humoral immunity

A

Mediated by B cells

Attack antigens by producing specific antibodies

44
Q

Explain humoral immunity

A

Mediated by B cells

Attack antigens by producing specific antibodies

45
Q

What are the 5 types of antibodies

A

IgG- (80% of all antibodies, placental transfer)

IgA- glandular secretions e.g mucus, saliva, breast milk

IgM-

igD

IgE

46
Q

Explain allergies

A

Hypersensitivity

IgE

47
Q

Explain autoimmune disorder

A

Immune system fails to display self tolerance and attacks own tissue

48
Q

Explain diseases of the immune system

A

SCID

HIV

Anatomy And Physiology 2 (8 decks)

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