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Anatomy And Physiology 2 > Cardiovascular 2 > Flashcards

Cardiovascular 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the arterial system

A

High pressure system delivering blood away from the heart

Arteries

Arteries, smallest, leading to capillary beds, blood pressure regulation

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2
Q

What are capillary beds

A

Location of exchange between blood and interstitial fluid (intercellular fluid)

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3
Q

What do pre capillary sphincters do

A

Constrict blood flow into capillary bed, protection

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4
Q

What is the channel that links arteries and veins (not capillaries)

A

Arteriovenous anastomosis

Temp regulation, get blood quickly, cart of the collateral circulation, can bypass capillaries if clotted

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5
Q

What do venues do

A

Smallest branches of veins that collect blood from the capillaries

Veins return blood back to heart

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6
Q

Explain blood flow through the heart

A

Heart
Artery
Capillaries
Venule
Vein
Heart

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7
Q

What are the distributions of blood volume

A

Systemic = 64%:
Large veins 18%
Venues and med 25%
Large venous networks 21%

Heart 7%

Pulmonary circuit 9%

Systematic arteries and capillaries 13 and 7%

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8
Q

What is the structure of a blood vessel

A

3 layers of vessel walls

  1. Tunica intima (inner)
    Internal elastic membrane
  2. Tunica media (smooth muscle, in arterial system)
    External elastic membrane
  3. Tunica externa

Endothelium lines lumen
Common in veins and arteries

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9
Q

Explain the tunica intima

A

Endothelial lining
Connective tissue layer

Internal elastic membrane in arteries provides elasticity to tunica intima

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10
Q

What does the endothelium do

A

Non stick

Releases vasoactive substances that affect vascular tone, blood pressure and flow

Maintains vascular homeostasis

Vasodilators - nitrate oxide
Constrictors - endothelin

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11
Q

Explain the tunica media

A

Concentric layers of smooth muscle in loose connective tissue, elastic fibres in arteries, collagen in veins

Encircles the endothelium that lines the lumen

External elastic membrane in arteries - separating from externa

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12
Q

Explain the tunica externa

A

Anchors vessels to adjacent tissues
Contains:
Collagen fibres
Elastic fibres smooth muscle cells (in veins)

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13
Q

What is in the walls of large arteries and veins

A

Vasa vasorum
- small arteries and veins in walls of large arteries and veins
- serve cells of tunica media and tunica externa

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14
Q

How do arteries change from the heart to the tissue

A

Elastic arteries - muscular arteries - arteries

E.g aorta very elastic

E.g femoral artery very muscular, less elastic

Arterioles only have smooth muscle (tunica media)

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15
Q

Explain the structure of capillaries

A

No tunica media or externa

Endothelial tube inside thin basement membrane

Continuous, fenestrated, sinusoid

No need for elastic muscle ect

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16
Q

What are the three types of capillaries

A

Continuous
Fenestrated
Sinusoid

17
Q

Explain continuous capillaries

A

Found in all tissues except epithelia and cartilage

Have complete endothelial lining

Permit diffusion of water and solutes, block blood cells and plasma proteins

Are specialised in cns and thymus e.g blood brain barrier

18
Q

Explain fenestrated capillaries

A
  • have pores in endothelial lining
  • permit rapid exchange of water and larger solutes

Found in:
- choroid process
- endocrine organs
- kidneys
- intestinal tract

19
Q

Explain sinusoid capillaries

A

Have gaps between adjacent endothelial cells

Permit free exchange of water and large plasma proteins

Liver, spleen, bone marrow, endocrine organs

Phagocytise cells monitor blood at sinusoid

20
Q

Explain capillary structure and function

A

Capillary beds connect a arteriole and venule

Sphincter opens and closes causing blood to flow in pulses

Thoroughfare channels, direct between arterioles and venules

21
Q

Explain the structure of vein walls

A

Large - thicker media, more muscle and externa, extra smooth muscle

Venues, only externa

22
Q

Explain venous valves

A
  • fold of tunica intima
  • prevent back flow
  • compression of veins pushes blood toward heart
  • varicose veins, veins near weaken, pooling
23
Q

Explain skeletal muscle pump

A

Squeeze open the valve superior to muscle

24
Q

What is Q

A

Total capillary blood flow = Q

Determine by pressure and resistance

25
Q

Explain the role of pressure

A

P - pressure
- generated by heart to overcome resistance
- absolute pressure less important than pressure gradient

P gradient (change in p)
- the difference in pressure from one end of a vessel to another

Flow
- proportional to change in p / resistance

26
Q

Explain peripheral resistance

A

Circulatory pressure must overcome total peripheral resistance (R of cv system)

Change in p across whole system about 85mmHg

Total peripheral resistance affected by
- vascular resistance, diameter of vessels
- blood viscosity
- turbulence, increases resistance

27
Q

What is vascular resistance

A

Due to friction between blood and vessel walls

Dependent on vessel length and diameter

Length contestant, diameter changes

R up as diameter decreases

28
Q

What is high and low blood pressure

A

Normal = 120/80

Hypertension = high, more than 140/90

Hypotension = low,

29
Q

What are the cv responses to exercise

A

Increase hr, q, systolic blood pressure

Redistribution of blood

30
Q

How much blood goes to muscles

A

7ml per 100g at rest, 75 during exercise

31
Q

How much blood goes to muscles

A

7ml per 100g at rest, 75 during exercise

32
Q

How is hr regulated

A

Parasympathetic
- via vagus nerve
- slow by inhibiting SA and AV

Sympathetic
- via cardia accelerator nerves
- stimulate sa and av

Initial increase at exercise due to parasympathetic withdrawal then sympathetic stimulation

33
Q

Explain changes in sv

A

Increases force of contraction = increased sv

  1. Increases sympathetic nervous system activation, effects of adrenaline and noradrenaline- directly stimulate heart muscle
  2. Increased EDV lead to increased stretch of sarcomeres and increased force of contraction
34
Q

What is end diastolic volume

A

End of diastole, volume of blood in cavities

35
Q

What is the frank starling mechanism

A
  • force of contraction proportional to fibre length

Anatomy And Physiology 2 (8 decks)

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