Cardiovascular Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the cv system

A

Transport

Maintenance - regulation, homeostasis, thermoregulation, ph,

Protection - white blood cells, clotting

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2
Q

What are the components

A

Blood
Vessels
Heart

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3
Q

What are the 2 divisions

A

Pulmonary circuit
Blood to and from lungs

Systemic
Blood to and from rest of the body

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4
Q

What kind of tissue is blood

A

Connective

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5
Q

What does blood carry

A

Dissolved gases
Nutrients
Hormones
Metabolic wastes

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6
Q

What does the right atria do

A

Receives blood from systemic circuit and passes it to right ventricle

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7
Q

What does the right ventricle do

A

Received blood from right atrium and pumps it into pulmonary circuit

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8
Q

What does the left atrium do

A

Receives blood from pulmonary circuit and passes to left ventricle

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9
Q

What does the left ventricle do

A

Receive blood from left atrium and pumps to systemic circuit

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10
Q

How much blood does the heart pump per minute

A

5L/min at rest

15-20 during exercise

= 8000L per day

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11
Q

What is the Q equation

A

Hr x sv

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12
Q

Why is the left side of the heart bigger

A

Left ventricle has to pump to whole body, rather than lungs

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13
Q

What are the layers of the heart wall

A

Myocardium

Epicardium

Pericardial fluid/space

Pericardium (outer)

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14
Q

What is the pericardium

A

Made up of fibrous connective tissue, limits expansion

Stabilises the heart

Contains pericardial fluid in pericardial cavity which lubricates

Parietal pericardium = outer serous membrane

Visceral = inner serous membrane- epicardium

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15
Q

What does the pericardial fluid do

A

Reduce friction during contraction

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16
Q

What is the myocardium

A
  • a thick muscular layer between epicardium and endocardium
  • forms both atria and ventricles
  • contains cardiac muscle tissue, blood vessels and nerves
  • interconnects with other muscle cells via intercalated disks
  • large central nucleus and lots of mitochondria
17
Q

What is the endocardium

A

Covers all inner surfaces of the heart
- internal chambers
- heart valves

Consists of epithelial tissue and is continuous with epithelium if the great vessels

18
Q

What are intercalated disks

A

The junction between cardiac cells

Gap junctions- allowing depolarisation to pass between cells, synchronising muscle contraction

Desmosomes: bind adjacent myocytes together

19
Q

Explain the ventricular differences

A
  • both hold same amount of blood
  • LV thicker muscle
  • LV cylindrical
    -RV thinner wall
  • RV pouch like shape around left ventricle

As right only delivers to lungs, mean pressure much lower

20
Q

What are the cordae tendineae and papillary muscles

A

CT - right ventricle
PM - left ventricle

Tether valves to ventricular walls to keep them shut during systole

21
Q

What are the two types of cardiac muscle cells

A

Contractile - produce contractions

Pacemaker - nodal/conducting, sino atrial node, atro ventricular node, purkinjie fibres (control contractile cells)

22
Q

Explain the electrical system of the heart

A
  1. SA node, account for resting hr, depolarise to stimulate depolarisation (autorythmicity)
  2. AV node, depolarises more slowly than SA, some auto, delays so blood can finish emptying from atria
  3. Travels through Septum
  4. Bundle of his
  5. Purkinjie - autorythmicity, very slow
23
Q

What is the fist step of the cardiac cycle and how does it relate to ECG

A

SA node depolarisation on its own, SA node and atrial activation begin

60-100 action potentials per min at rest

(Main pacemaker)

ECG: flat start line

24
Q

What is the second step of the cardiac cycle and how does it relate to ECG

A

Stimulus (depolarisation) spreads atrial surfaces and reaches av node

50 msec

ECG: P wave

25
Q

What is the third step of the cardiac cycle and how does it relate to ECG

A

100msec delay at av node, atrial contraction begins

ECG flat again P-R interval

26
Q

What is the fourth step of the cardiac cycle and how does it relate to ECG

A

Impulse travels down septum to bundle of his branches to purkinjie fibres and by the moderator band to the papillary muscles of the right ventricle

ECG : Q wave, downwards, beginning of ventricular depolarisation

27
Q

What is the fifth step of the cardiac cycle and how does it relate to ECG

A

Impulse distribution by purkinjie fibres and relayed trough ventricular myocardium. Atrial contractions is completed and ventricular contraction begins

ECG: QRS complex,

Big spike R, back down S

Completion of ventricular depolarisation

28
Q

What happens after the fifth step

A

Flattening line then t wave, ventricles repolarise

29
Q

What are epinephrine

A

A catecholamine

Epinephrine- adrenaline

Reased by adrenal medulla, upon activation of sympathetic nervous system

30
Q

What is norepinephrine

A

A catecholamine

Initial increases in heart rate and contractility but with longer expose decreases these things

Binds to receptors in heart

Released by adrenal medulla and sypatgetic nerves interacting blood vessels

31
Q

What else controls hr

A

Chemoreceptors

Baroreceptors - carotid sinus senses changes, aortic arch senses increases only

Low bp - low stretch of vessel, less stretch of reception, decreases afferent firing, increased syp and decreased para