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Anatomy And Physiology 2 > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the respiratory system

A
  • gas exchange surface between air and blood
  • move air to and from lungs
  • protect respiratory surfaces from outside environments
  • sound
  • ppt in olfactory sense
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2
Q

What makes up the upper respiratory tract

A

Nose
Nasal cavity
Sinuses
Pharynx

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3
Q

What makes up the lower respiratory system

A

Larynx
Trachea
Bronchus
Bronchioles
Alveoli

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4
Q

How many times do the airways branch off down the bronchial tree

A

23

Each airway gives rise to two daughter airways

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5
Q

How far down the bronchial tree do alveoli appear

A

From branch 17

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6
Q

From what point is the whole airway alioli

A

From branch 20 onwards

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7
Q

Which lung is bigger

A

Right lung due to heart

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8
Q

How do the right and left lungs differ

A

Right lung is larger
Has 3 lobes

Left lung has 2 lobes
Cardiac knock to accommodate pericardial cavity

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9
Q

What are the features on the lateral surface of the lungs

A

Right:
Apex = top
Superior lobe
Middle lobe
Inferior lobe

Base

Left:
Apex = top
Superior lobe
NO middle
Inferior lobe
Oblique fissure (vertical)
Horizontal fissure (horizontal)
Base

Oblique fissure (vertical)
Horizontal fissure (horizontal)

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10
Q

What is the respiratory mucosa

A

The mucus membrane lining the conducting portion of the respiratory system

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11
Q

What does the respiratory mucosa consist of

A

Epithelial layer
Areolar layer

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12
Q

What is the name of the areolar layer of the respiratory mucosa

A

Lamina propria

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13
Q

How does the lamina propria differ in fit parts of the respiratory system

A

Upper respiratory system:
- contains mucus glands which secrete onto epithelial surfaces

Conducting portions of lower:
- contains smooth muscle
- at the bronchioles this forms circles around the lumen

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14
Q

How does the structure of respiratory epithelium change along the respiratory tract

A

Nasal cavity/superior pharynx:
- pseudostratified ciliated columnar with mucus cells

Inferior pharynx:
- stratified squamous

Superior portion of lower respiratory system:
- pseudostratified ciliated columnar

Smaller bronchioles:
- cuboidal epithelia with scattered cilia

Alveoli:
Simple squamous

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15
Q

What happens when things get trapped in mucus

A

Move upwards

Mucocillary escalator

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16
Q

Explain the passageway of air through the nose

A
  1. External nares (nostrils)
  2. Nasal vestibule (open space)
  3. Nasal meatuses; superior, middle, inferior (grooves between nasal conchae)
  4. Hard palate
  5. Soft palate
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17
Q

What does the hard palate firm

A

Floor of nasal cavity, separates from oral cavity

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18
Q

What does the soft palate do

A

Extends posterior to hard plate

Divides superior nasopharynx from lower pharynx a

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19
Q

What do the nasal measuses do

A

Warming and humidity

Swirling causes particles to touch mucus

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20
Q

What are the tree divisions of the pharynx

A
  1. Nasopharynx
  2. Oropharynx
  3. Laryngopharynx
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21
Q

What prevents food and liquid entering lower respiratory tract

A

Epiglottis

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22
Q

What is the epiglottis

A

Cartilage flap superior to the glottis

During swallowing, fold over the glottis to prevent entry

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23
Q

What is the larynx

A

Cartilage flap that surrounds the glottis

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24
Q

What controls sound variations

A

Larynx, change tension in cartilage

Tension on vocal folds

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25
Q

What produces sound

A

Air passing through glottis

Vibrates vocal folds

Produces sound waves

26
Q

What are the two elements of speech

A

Phonation - sound produced at larynx

Articulation- modification of sound by other structures

27
Q

Where does the trachea sit in relation to oesophagus

A

Oesophagus behind

28
Q

What are the C shaped structures surrounding the trachea

A

Tracheal cartilages, strengthen but allow flexibility, protect

29
Q

What is at the back of the trachea before the oesophageal

A

Trachialis muscle, can contract and constrict to expel air more forcefully

30
Q

What is the mediastinum

A

Area in middle of thoracic cavity between right and left pleural sacks

31
Q

What separates the right and left bronchi

A

Internal ridge called the carina

32
Q

What are the differences between the right and left primary bronchi

A

Right:
Larger, has to supply a larger lung and descends at a smaller angle

33
Q

Where does each primary bronchus go

A

To grooves called the hilums on medial surfaces of the lungs

34
Q

What are extra pulmonary and infra pulmonary bronchitis

A

Extra pulmonary- outside lungs, the primary bronchitis

Infra pulmonary- inside the lungs

35
Q

Explain the branching of bronchi

A

Primary branch to secondary
(Lobar bronchi) - one goes to each lobe, right has 3, left 2

Secondary branch to tertiary
(Segmental) - supplies air to single bronchopulmonary segment
Right 10
Left 8/9

36
Q

What happens to cartilage down the bronchial tree

A

Less cartilage, more smooth muscle

More smooth muscle = more control on restriction of airflow

37
Q

How many bronchioles does one tertiary bronchi branch to

A

6500

38
Q

Explain bronchiole structure

A

No cartilage, dominated by smooth muscle

Autonomic control regulates smooth muscle, control airflow and distribution of air in lungs

39
Q

Explain autonomic control of bronchiole

A

Sympathetic stimulation;
Bronchodilation

Parasympathetic stimulation:
(Or histamine release, allergies)
Bronchoconstriction

40
Q

What is external respiration

A

All processes exchanging gas with the environment

  • pulmonary ventilation
  • Gas diffusion
  • storage and transport of gas
  • the exchange of dissolved gas
41
Q

What is internal respiration

A

Involved the uptake of o2 and production of co2 within cells

42
Q

What is pulmonary ventilation

A

The physical movement of air in and out of the respiratory tract

Provides alveolar ventilation
“” the alveoli

43
Q

What is boyles law

A

Defines the relationship between gas pressure and volume

Pressure = 1/volume

Pressure and volume are inversely proportionate

In a contained gas, external pressure forces molecules closer, movement of molecules exerts pressure on the container

44
Q

What is intrapulmonary pressure

A

The pressure inside the respiratory tract, at the alveoli

45
Q

What is intrapleural pressure

A

The pressure in the space between parietal and visceral plurae

46
Q

What controls mechanics of breathing

A

Rcc in medulla oblongata

= contraction of diaphragm and intercostals

47
Q

Explain the mechanics of breathing during inspiration at rest

A

Diaphragm contracts and moves down
Lower ribs rotate down horizontal plane
(1cm at rest)

External intercostals also move ribs up and out

48
Q

Explain the mechanics of breathing during expiration at rest

A

Passive

Diaphragm and external intercostals relax

Elastic recoil

49
Q

Explain active respiration mechanics of breathing

A
50
Q

Explain the role of surfactant

A

Thin film of liquid lining the alveoli

Surface tension of this liquid causes passive recoil of alveoli

Due to attractions between liquid particles, pull back together

51
Q

What muscles contract during active inspiration

A

Sternocleidomastoid
Scalenes
Pectoralis minor
External intercostals

Diaphragm

52
Q

What muscles contract during active expiration

A

Internal intercostals
Rectus abdominals
External obliques

53
Q

What is the other name for passive breathing

A

Eupnea

54
Q

What is the other name for forced breathing

A

Hyperpnea

55
Q

What is the equation for minute ventilation

A

The amount of air moved each minute

VE = F x VT

F(frequency breath/min)
VT (tidal volume)

56
Q

What is the equation for alveolar ventilation

A

The volume of air moved minus the air that dosent make it to the alveoli

VA = F x (VT - VD)

VD( dead anatomical space)

57
Q

What is FVC

A

Forced vital capacity

How much air can you get out from maximal expiration

58
Q

What is FEV1

A

FVC in 1 second

59
Q

What is forced expiratory ratio

A

FEV1/FVC

60
Q

What is the comp of air at sea level

A

78.6
O 20.9
Co 0.04
Water vapour 0.05

Anatomy And Physiology 2 (8 decks)

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