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Anatomy And Physiology 2 > Digestive > Flashcards

Digestive Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the digestive system

A

Ingestion
Mechanical processing
Digestion
Secretion, fluid, enzymes
Absorption
Excretion

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2
Q

What are the major divisions of the digestive tract

A

Mouth, mechanical, salivary

Pharynx

Oesophagus

Stomach, chem breakdown, mechanical

Small and large intestine, enzymes and absorption

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3
Q

What are the accessory organs of the digestive system

A

Salivary glands

Liver, secretes bile

Gall bladder, bile stored

Pancreas, secrete buffers and enzymes

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4
Q

What is the peritoneum

A

Has a serous membrane
- visceral layer covers organs
- parietal layer lines cavities

Peritoneal fluid
- 7 L per day produced, provides lubrication to allow sliding

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5
Q

What are the mesenteries

A

Suspend portions of the digestive tract

Allow passage of blood vessels, nerves and lymphatic vessels

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6
Q

What are the functions of the digestive tract

A

Protect against

Digestive acids and enzymes
Mechanical stresses
Bacteria

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7
Q

What are the layers of the digestive tract

A

Mucosa - inner
Submucosa
Muscularis externa
Serosa

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8
Q

What are the folds in the digestive tract

A

Plica circulares

Allow expansion and increase SA

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9
Q

Explain the mucosa

A

Mucosal epithelium
(Replaced rapidly)
- stratified squamous in oral cavity, pharynx and oesophagus
- simple columnar with mucus cells everywhere else

Lamina propria
- areola with blood, lymphatic vessels and nerve endings

Muscularis mucosae
- inner circular layer
- outer longitudinal layer

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10
Q

Explain the submucosa

A

Layer of dense irregular connective tissue

Has large blood vessels and lymphatic vessels

May contain exocrine glands

Submucosal plexus- neural network, inner area mucosa and submucosa

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11
Q

Explain the Muscularis externa

A

Smooth muscle cells
- inner circular layer
- outer longitudinal layer

Movement connected by enteric nervous systems
- sensory neurons, interneurons, motor neurons
- mainly controlled by parasympathetic

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12
Q

Explain the serosa

A

Serous membrane covering Muscularis externa, replaced by adventia (dense collagen) in upper system and rectum to stop sliding

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13
Q

Explain movement of digestive materials

A

Rhythmic cycles of smooth activity controlled by pacesetter cells

Peristalsis - waves of muscular contraction

Segmentation- cycle of contraction, mix content

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14
Q

Explain the role of the oral cavity

A

Functions
Sensory analysis
Mechanical
Lubrication
Limited digestion, salivary enzymes, carbohydrate. Lipids

Opens to nasopharynx

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15
Q

Explain the salivary glands

A

1-1.5 L per day

Water, electrolytes, buffers, mucins, antibodies

  • lubricants
  • dissolving chemicals
  • initial digestion
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16
Q

Explain the process of swallowing

A

Buccal phase, push to back of mouth by tongue

Pharyngeal phase, epiglottis pushed back, close trachea

Oesophagus

Stomach

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17
Q

Explain the oesophagus

A
  • resting muscle tone at top prevents air going in stomach
  • adventitia anchors to surrounding structures

Mucosa has thick stratified squamous epithelium for protection

18
Q

Explain the functions of the stomach

A
  • store
  • mechanical
  • chemical breakdown:
    Pepsin - protein
    Salivary amylase and lipase

Acid reduces to ph2

Production of intrinsic factor
- absorption of vit b12

19
Q

Explain the structure of the stomach

A

Fungus - top
Body pylorus
Pyloric sphincter - ring of muscle closing off exit

Muscular layers
Oblique muscular - overlying mucosa
Circula layer
Longitudinal muscle layer

Folds, rugae
Expand

20
Q

Explain the stomach lining

A

Simple columnar
Produces mucus

  1. Mucosa
    Gastric pits connect gastric glands in mucosa
    Mucus epithelium
    Lamina propria
  2. Submucosa
  3. Muscularis externa
    Oblique and circular muscle
    Longitudinal muscle
  4. Serosa
21
Q

Explain the stomach glands

A

In fundus and body of stomach

Parietal cells
- secrete intrinsic factor and HCI

Chief cells
- secrete pepsinogin
- convert to pepsin by HCI

G cells
- secrete gastrin (increase stomach activity)

Pyloric glands
In pylorus
- produce mucus
- g cells produce gastrin
- d cells release stomatostatin inhibit gastrin release

22
Q

What are the regio

A

Duodenum- 25cm long, neutralises chyme, receives secretion from pancreas and liver - few plica circulares small villi

Jejunum- 2.5m long, most chemical digestion and nutrient absorption, prominent plica circulares and villi

Ileum - 3.5 m long, lymphoid nodules

23
Q

Explain the organisation of the intestinal wall

A

Villi on mucosa

Muscularis mucosae

Submucosa

Muscularis externa

Serosa

24
Q

Explain intestine villi

A

Columnar epithelium with mucus cells - brush boarder with digestive enzymes

Lacteal - lymphatic vessel in middle

Capillary network

25
Q

Explain the pancreas

A

Secretes pancreas juice containing enzymes:

Pancreatic alpha-amylase
Pancreatic lipase
Nucleases
Proteases and peptidases

26
Q

What are the functions of the pancreas

A

Endocrine cells, secrete insulin and glucagon into blood

Exocrine cells secrete pancreatic juice

27
Q

How does blood come to the liver

A

2/3 from hepatic portal vein, from other parts of digestive system

1/3 from hepatic artery proper

28
Q

How does blood come to the liver

A

2/3 from hepatic portal vein, from other parts of digestive system

1/3 from hepatic artery proper

29
Q

How does the liver filter and remove toxins

A

100,000 hexagonal lobules, functional units

Each has a portal area
- branches of hepatic portal veins and hepatic artery proper
- branch of bile duct

Blood from intestines past hepatocytes absorbing solutes and proteins

Drains into sinusoids - central vein

Bile ductules- bile ducts

30
Q

What are the function of the liver

A

Metabolise carbs, lipids and amino acids

Remove ammonia and toxins

Vitamin and mineral stores

Drug inactivation

Haemoyological regulation;
Synthesise plasma protein
Remove circulating hormones, antibodies and toxins

Bile production
Emulsify lipids to increase SA for enzyme digestion

31
Q

How is bile transported and stored

A

Secreted by liver

Stored and concentrated in gal bladder

Break apart lipids

Duodenal ccl release triggers gall bladder contraction- bile ejected

32
Q

What are the 4 colons of the large intestines

A

Ascending
Transverse
Descending
Sigmoid

33
Q

What connects small to large

A

Ileum

34
Q

What are the functions of the large intestine

A

Absorption, less
Reabsorbtion of water and bile salts
Vitamins and organic wastes

Site of bacterial vitamin production, K, biotin and b5

Compact intestinal contents to faeces + storage

35
Q

Explain wall of large intestine

A

Lack villi
Abundant mucus cells
Longitudinal layer of Muscularis externa taeniae coli

36
Q

Explain neural control of intestinal movement

A

Local reflexes:
Respond to stretch and ph change

Central control:
Symp/para

Central gastric reflexes:
The gastroenteric reflex - stimulate motility and secrete in small
Gastroileal: triggers opening of valve between small and large

37
Q

Explain hormonal control

A

Gastrin

Gip(inhibits gastrin)

Secretin and cck

Vip

38
Q

How are carbs broken down

A

Oral cavity - salivary amylase

Stomach - di and triscaccarides

Small - pancreatic alpha amylase (di and tri)

Intestinal mucosa - monosaccharide (brush borders)

Diffuse into capillaries in villi

39
Q

How are carbs broken down

A

Oral cavity - salivary amylase

Stomach - di and triscaccarides

Small - pancreatic alpha amylase (di and tri)

Intestinal mucosa - monosaccharide (brush borders)

Diffuse into capillaries in villi

40
Q

How are lipids broken down

A

Lingual phase in mouth

Small intestine- bile and pancreatic lipase concert to monoglycerides and fatty acids

Diffuse through mucosa

41
Q

How are proteins broken down

A

Polypeptides in stomach

More in small intestine to amino acids

Amino acids go to capillaries

42
Q

Which nutrient dosent pass through liver before entering circulation

A

Fatty acids

Anatomy And Physiology 2 (8 decks)

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