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Infection and the immune response > The immune response > Flashcards

The immune response Flashcards

1
Q

where are white blood cells made?

A

in the bone marrow (particularly in the pelvis and the ribs) and then released into the blood

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2
Q

what does the erythrocyte do?

A

carries oxygen around the body

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3
Q

what do platelets do?

A

clot the blood if there is bleeding

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3
Q

what cells are granulocytes

A

basophils, neutrophils and eosinophils

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4
Q

what are natural kills cells?

A

kill cells specifically virally infected cells or cancer cells

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5
Q

what are monocytes

A

give rise to special cells that live in tissues called macrophages

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6
Q

what do macrophages do

A

surveying tissue and repairing any damage

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7
Q

what are b lymphocytes

A

important within the adaptive immune response, make antibodies

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8
Q

what are t lymphocytes

A

important within the adaptive immune response can kill cells or make special proteins that enable other immune cells

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9
Q

where are t lymphocytes made?

A

in the bone marrow and then mature in the thymus to ensure they don’t cause damage when they are released

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10
Q

what cell is human blood largely made up of?

A

neutrophiles (60%) then lymphocytes (30%)

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11
Q

how do neutrophils
protect against infection?

A

they chase and eat bacteria

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12
Q

what cells move to and live in the tissues?

A

dendritic cells, macrophages and mast cells

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13
Q

where do T and B lymphocytes spend most of their time?

A

in secondary lymphoid organs in the nose and mouth

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14
Q

what cells make up the innate immune response?

A

mast cell, natural killer cell, neutrophil, basophil, eosinophil and monocytes

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15
Q

what is complement?

A

a cascade of proteins in serum, activated by antibody or molecules from pathogens. it amplifies the inflammatory response and can directly kill pathogens or attract other immune cells

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16
Q

what do macrophages do?

A

re organise their actin cytoskeleton to engulf bacteria that are digested inside the cell. can also engulf apoptotic cells using finger like extensions called pseudopodia

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17
Q

what is adaptive immunity

A

stimulated by exposure to microbe, it is more potent

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18
Q

what is innate immunity

A

immediate response and tends to be local, hard wired from birth

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19
Q

what is humoral adaptive immunity

A

when antibodies are mediated, ‘extracellular attack’ , antibody from B cells and B cells mature in the bone marrow

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20
Q

what is cell mediated adaptive immunity

A

intracellular attack due to T cells which mature in the thymus

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21
Q

where do T cells mature?

A

thymus

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22
Q

where do B cells mature

A

bone marrow

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23
Q

for one white blood cell how many red blood cells are there?

A

700

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24
Q

what is the lifespan in the blood of a neutrophil?

A

7 hours

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25
Q

what is the lifespan in the blood of a eosinophil?

A

8 to 12 days

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26
Q

what is the lifespan in the blood of a basophil?

A

few hours to a few days

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27
Q

what is the lifespan in the blood of a monocyte?

A

3 days

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28
Q

what is the lifespan in the blood of a B or T lymphocyte?

A

memory cells so can live for many years.

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29
Q

how long after infection does it take for the innate immune response to kick in?

A

0-12 hours roughly

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30
Q

how long after infection does it take for the adaptive immune response to kick in?

A

1-7 days

31
Q

what distinguishes neutrophils?

A

distinct multi lobed nucleus (2-5 lobes), usually first cell to reach site of inflammation, after apoptosis they are the major constituent of pus

32
Q

what are the largest circulating blood cells?

A

monocytes

33
Q

what are some features of monocytes?

A

-present in chronic illness
-differentiate into macrophages in tissues which survive long term
-have TLR which recognise PAMP’s and destroy pathogens by phagocytosis
-can release cytokines

34
Q

which cells primary function is to combat parasitic infections?

A

eosinophil, can poke holes in the outer layer of helminths

35
Q

what are some characteristics of eosinophils?

A

-parasitic infection
-seen in allergic and certain malignant disease processes
-bilobed nucleus

36
Q

what immunoglobulin works with basophils in the inflammatory response?

A

igE

37
Q

IgA?

A

13%
found in breast milk, tears and other fluids, generally found in mucosa
prevents bacterial infection

37
Q

IgM?

A

6%
develop in plasma, activate complement, reacts usually on first exposures

38
Q

IgD?

A

found in most B cells important in activating B cells

39
Q

IgG?

A

80%
activates complement, crosses placenta to protect foetus, active against bacteria and viruses

40
Q

IgE?

A

associated with allergic reactions

41
Q

where are mast cells found?

A

reside in tissues and are activated in response to pathogens or signals

42
Q

how do mast cells contribute to the innate immune response?

A

release a number of inflammatory mediators
enhance vascular permeability

43
Q

what are the key molecules involved in the innate immune response?

A

-PAMPs and DAMPs
-complement
-chemokines
-cytokines
-other inflammatory mediators

44
Q

what is complement and what does it do?

A

made up of plasma proteins
1. oponise bacteria for phagocytosis
2. attract more phagocytic cells
3. directly kill bacteria

45
Q

what do chemokines do?

A

attract neutrophils

46
Q

what do cytokines and other inflammatory mediators do?

A

increase vascular permeability

47
Q

what are the major cell types involved in the innate response?

A

phagocytes
NK cells
dendritic cells
mast cell

48
Q

what are the major cell types involved in the adaptive response?

A

T cells, B cells, antigen presenting cells

49
Q

what are CD8 cells?

A

cytotoxic t lymphocytes

50
Q

how do lymphocytes recognise antigens?

A

T cell receptor complex on the surface, part of which CD3 identifies these cells.

51
Q

how do CD8 cells induce apoptosis in virally infected cells?

A

release perforin into the cell membrane, create a pore and then inject granzymes which scrambles the DNA in the virally infected cells, causing apoptosis

52
Q

which cells are not found in the blood?

A

mast cells, they are found in tissues
macrohages are also found in tissues not in the blood

53
Q

what are the phagocytic cells?

A

dendritic cells
monocytes
macrophages

54
Q

what is the name of the small molecules that attract other immune cells?

A

cytokines

55
Q

What are T and independent B cells particularly important for dealing with?

A

Encapsulated bacteria

56
Q

What is the term for the process when dendritic cells Sample pathogens they encounter?

A

Macrropinocytosis

57
Q

What do MHC class I molecules interact with?

A

CD8 on cytotoxic T cells

58
Q

Which cells are most important in killing virally infected cells?

A

Cytotoxic T cells

59
Q

What activates CD4+ helper cells?

A

MCH class II molecules which are expressed on the surface of APCs

60
Q

What are the functions of CD4+ T cells?

A

-activating other immune cells
-releasing cytokines
-help B cells produce antibodies

61
Q

Which white blood cell manly targets bacterial and fungal infections?

A

Neutrophils

62
Q

Which white blood cell is mainly responsible for allergens?

A

Basophils

63
Q

Which white blood cell is mainly responsible for bacterial infections?

A

Monocytes

64
Q

Which white blood cells is mainly responsible for viral infections?

A

Lymphocytes

65
Q

What cells are agranulocytes?

A

Lack granules in cytoplasm

66
Q

Which cell mainly links innate and adaptive response?

A

Dendritic cells

67
Q

Which cells come from the lymphoid lineage?

A

Lymphocytes and NK cells

68
Q

tay-sachs disease is associated with defective?

A

lysosomes

69
Q

which cells come from the lymphoid progenitor cell lineage?

A

NK cells
T+B lymphocytes
plasma cell

70
Q

what is the descending order of abundance in serum if antibodies?

A

G, A, M, D, E

71
Q

what is the only antibody to cross the placenta?

A

IgG

72
Q

which antibody is most prevalent in secretions?

A

IgA

73
Q

which antibodies are the best at neutralising?

A

IgA and IgG

74
Q

which antibodies activate the complement pathway?

A

IgM and IgG

75
Q

which antibody is secreted as a pentamer?

A

IgM

Infection and the immune response (11 decks)

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