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Infection and the immune response > Bacteria > Flashcards

Bacteria Flashcards

1
Q

what does microbiology mean?

A

the study of microorganisms and their relationships with humans

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2
Q

what is a microorganism?

A

any organism/ replicating entity that is of a microscopic size or small

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2
Q

what are the categories of microorganisms

A

cellular (bacteria, fungi, protozoa)
acellular (viruses, prions)

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2
Q

what are prokaryotes

A

(bacteria) organisms without membrane bound organelles. transcription and translation is couples, they have a single circular DNA with additional DNA in plasmids

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2
Q

what are eukaryotes?

A

DNA carried on chromosomes in a membrane bound nucleus. cytoplasm is rich in membrane bound organelles

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2
Q

what are bacteria?

A

single celled prokaryotes. DNA in long circular form. thick cell wall and a thick capsule.

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2
Q

how do bacteria reproduce?

A

binary fusion

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3
Q

what determines gram positive or negativity

A

peptidoglycan

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3
Q

why would bacteria be gram stain unreliable?

A

to small a cell wall

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3
Q

if there is a large amount of peptidoglycan the cell will be?

A

gram positive

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3
Q

if there is a small amount of peptidoglycan the cell will be?

A

gram negative

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3
Q

where in the body is sterile?

A

blood, tissues, organ systems, CNS, lower respiratory tract, sinuses, inner and middle ear, renal system down to posterior urethra, female reproductive track down to the cervix and the eye

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3
Q

what Is the definition of a parasite?

A

an organism that lives in or on another organism and benefits on deriving nutrients at the others expense.

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3
Q

what is the definition of an opportunistic infection

A

an infection usually via a less frailest organism that might cause harm to an immunocompromised person

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4
Q

what is a nonsocomical infection

A

hospital acquired infection

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4
Q

what is a carrier state?

A

the condition of harbouring an infective organism without manifesting symptoms of infection

4
Q

what is an endotoxin?

A

the outer membrane of a gram negative bacteria which elicits strong immune responses and can make patients appear septic

4
Q

what are exotoxins (super antigens)?

A

they are liberated by certain gram positive bacteria. produced intracellularly and released as mature toxins on infection. they have massive immune stimulation. (toxic shock syndrome)

4
Q

what is the meaning of sepsis?

A

a psychological response to severe infection involving cytokine cascades, free radical production and vasoactive mediators

4
Q

what is meant by the chain of infection/

A

infectious agent, reservoirs, portal of exit, means of transmission, portal of entry, susceptible host

4
Q

what are examples of specimen processing?

A

microscopy, culture, PCR

5
Q

What are some cellular microorganisms?

A

-bacteria
-fungi
-protozoa

6
Q

What are some examples of acellular microorganisms?

A

Viruses
Prions

7
Q

What is pilli function?

A

An attachment, either to bacteria or to host cells. Presence of multiple pilli is a factor in resistance to phagocytosis.

8
Q

What is the structure of DNA in bacteria?

A

Long circular form, + or -

9
Q

What does positive sense DNA?

A

The nucleotide sequence corresponds directly to the sequence of an RNA transcript.

10
Q

What dyes are used when bacteria is gram stained?

A

Flood with crystal violet and iodine
Iodine helps crystals form complexes with peptidoglycan

11
Q

Example of gram positive cocci?

A

Streptococcus
Staphylococcus

12
Q

Example of gram - cocci?

A

Neisseria
Moraxella

13
Q

Example of gram + bacilli?

A

Bacillus
Acranobacterium

14
Q

Example of gram negative bacilli?

A

Bacteroides

15
Q

what colour do gram positive Bactria come out?

A

purple

16
Q

what colour do gram negative bacteria come out?

A

pink

17
Q

what are some benefits to normal flora?

A

-byproducts released means pathogens find it harder to establish True infection
-produce vitamins K and B in gut as metabolic end products
-keep immune system stimulated

18
Q

where are the main sites of colonisation for normal flora?

A

-skin
-distal urethra
-colon
-distal GI tract
-upper resp tract

19
Q

what are the sterile body sites?

A

-blood tissues and organ sites
-CNS
-lower resp tract
-sinuses, inner and middle ear
-renal system down to posterior urethra
-female reproductive tract down to cervix
-are behind conjunctiva in the eye

20
Q

what does transient mean?

A

short-lived/passing

21
Q

what forms the outer membrane of gram negative bacteria and elicit strong immune responses making patients appear septic?

A

AKA as lipopolysaccharide (endotoxic lipid A and O antigen

22
Q

what is a biofilm?

A

ECM which the organism embeds into and antibiotics aren’t good at penetrating it

Infection and the immune response (11 decks)

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