Aberrant Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

what does the adaptive immune system involve?

A

T cells and B cells

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1
Q

what does innate immunity involve?

A

-phagocytes
-dendritic cells
-epithelial barriers
-mast cells
-Nk killers

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2
Q

what are the 2 types of T cells?

A
  • T helper cells that help and regulate other responses
  • T killer cells that directly kill cells
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3
Q

what are natural killer cells?

A

help kill virus infected cells and cancer cells

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4
Q

what is hypersensitivity?

A

when the immune response is excessive, over reacting to something it shouldn’t be. eg hay fever

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5
Q

what are the culprits of type I sensitivity

A

igE and mast cells

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6
Q

what causes mast cells to react?

A

they are full of granules which contain histamine, when the mast cell receives a stimulus it degranulates and releases histamine and other inflammation.

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7
Q

what mediates Type I, II and III hypersensitivity?

A

antibodies

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8
Q

what mediates type IV hypersensitivity?

A

T cells

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9
Q

what are the two types of autoimmune disease?

A

organ specific or non organ specific

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10
Q

organ specific?

A

-autoimmune attack v send antigens of given organ
-damage to organ structure and function

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11
Q

non-organ specific?

A

-wide spread self antigens are targets for autoimmune attack
-damage affects such structures as blood vessels, cell nuclei act

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12
Q

what causes autoimmunity?

A

generally genetic factors and infection and environmental exposure

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13
Q

what is autoimmunity?

A

the misdirected response that occurs when the immune system goes away and attacks the body

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14
Q

what are some examples of organ specific?

A

-MS
-type 1 diabetes

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15
Q

what are some examples of systematic?

A

-rheumatoid arthritis
-sclerodema
-lupus

16
Q

what happens during transplant rejection?

A

-T cells activated against donor transplantation antigens
-stimulation in peripheral lymphoid tissues
-both CD4 and CD8 T cells
-also see macrophages/ CDs, nuts, B cells, NK cells
-antibody production, complement activation

17
Q

what is hyperactive rejection?

A

pre formed anti donor antibodies bind to graft endothelium immediately after transplantation (can be from minutes to hours)

18
Q

what is acute cellular rejection?

A

when T cells destroy graft parenchyma (and vessels) by cytoxicity and inflammatory reactions (days to months)

19
Q

what is acute humeral rejection?

A

antibodies damage graft vasculature

20
Q

what is chronic rejection?

A

dominated by arteriosclerosis, T cell reaction and secretions of cytokines induces proliferation and vascular

21
Q

what happens during athsma?

A

narrowing of lumen
tightened muscles constrict airways
mucus
inflamed airway wall

21
Q

pathophysiology of athsma?

A

-chronic inflammation of Lower always
-thickening of basement membranes
-increased goblet cell activity
-smooth muscle hypertrophy and thickening

22
Q

what causes covid 19 complications?

A

release of too many inflammatory cytokines

23
Q

What is within the granules of NK cells?

A

Perforimn and granzymes

23
Q

What do NK cells do?

A

Help Kill virally infected cells and cancer cells
Very important, early, post-infection, especially viral infections when adaptive immune response is taking time to activate

23
Q

How is the innate response recognised?

A

Recognised by PAMPs/DAMPs
Germline coded receptors recognising conserved patterns

23
Q

What antibodies mediate type II?

A

IgM IgG

23
Q

What is the antibody mediator in type III?

A

IgM, IgE

23
Q

What causes autoimmunity?

A

Genetic factors
Infection and environmental exposure
No immune regulation

23
Q

Where is transplant rejection stimulated?

A

Peripheral lymphoid tissues

23
Q

What is activated in transplant rejection?

A

T cells
CD4 CD8 T cells
Macrophages
Neutrophils
B cells
NK cells
Anybody production
Complement activation

24
Q

what does the innate immune response recognise?

A

PAMPs and DAMPs

25
Q

what mediates type II hypersensitivity?

A

(antibody mediated)
IgM and IgG

26
Q

what mediates type III hypersensitivity?

A

immune complex mediated
IgM or IgG

27
Q

what mediates type IV hypersensitivity?

A

T cell mediated
CD4 and CD8 cells