Aberrant Immune System Flashcards
what does the adaptive immune system involve?
T cells and B cells
what does innate immunity involve?
-phagocytes
-dendritic cells
-epithelial barriers
-mast cells
-Nk killers
what are the 2 types of T cells?
- T helper cells that help and regulate other responses
- T killer cells that directly kill cells
what are natural killer cells?
help kill virus infected cells and cancer cells
what is hypersensitivity?
when the immune response is excessive, over reacting to something it shouldn’t be. eg hay fever
what are the culprits of type I sensitivity
igE and mast cells
what causes mast cells to react?
they are full of granules which contain histamine, when the mast cell receives a stimulus it degranulates and releases histamine and other inflammation.
what mediates Type I, II and III hypersensitivity?
antibodies
what mediates type IV hypersensitivity?
T cells
what are the two types of autoimmune disease?
organ specific or non organ specific
organ specific?
-autoimmune attack v send antigens of given organ
-damage to organ structure and function
non-organ specific?
-wide spread self antigens are targets for autoimmune attack
-damage affects such structures as blood vessels, cell nuclei act
what causes autoimmunity?
generally genetic factors and infection and environmental exposure
what is autoimmunity?
the misdirected response that occurs when the immune system goes away and attacks the body
what are some examples of organ specific?
-MS
-type 1 diabetes
what are some examples of systematic?
-rheumatoid arthritis
-sclerodema
-lupus
what happens during transplant rejection?
-T cells activated against donor transplantation antigens
-stimulation in peripheral lymphoid tissues
-both CD4 and CD8 T cells
-also see macrophages/ CDs, nuts, B cells, NK cells
-antibody production, complement activation
what is hyperactive rejection?
pre formed anti donor antibodies bind to graft endothelium immediately after transplantation (can be from minutes to hours)
what is acute cellular rejection?
when T cells destroy graft parenchyma (and vessels) by cytoxicity and inflammatory reactions (days to months)
what is acute humeral rejection?
antibodies damage graft vasculature
what is chronic rejection?
dominated by arteriosclerosis, T cell reaction and secretions of cytokines induces proliferation and vascular
what happens during athsma?
narrowing of lumen
tightened muscles constrict airways
mucus
inflamed airway wall
pathophysiology of athsma?
-chronic inflammation of Lower always
-thickening of basement membranes
-increased goblet cell activity
-smooth muscle hypertrophy and thickening
what causes covid 19 complications?
release of too many inflammatory cytokines
What is within the granules of NK cells?
Perforimn and granzymes
What do NK cells do?
Help Kill virally infected cells and cancer cells
Very important, early, post-infection, especially viral infections when adaptive immune response is taking time to activate
How is the innate response recognised?
Recognised by PAMPs/DAMPs
Germline coded receptors recognising conserved patterns
What antibodies mediate type II?
IgM IgG
What is the antibody mediator in type III?
IgM, IgE
What causes autoimmunity?
Genetic factors
Infection and environmental exposure
No immune regulation
Where is transplant rejection stimulated?
Peripheral lymphoid tissues
What is activated in transplant rejection?
T cells
CD4 CD8 T cells
Macrophages
Neutrophils
B cells
NK cells
Anybody production
Complement activation
what does the innate immune response recognise?
PAMPs and DAMPs
what mediates type II hypersensitivity?
(antibody mediated)
IgM and IgG
what mediates type III hypersensitivity?
immune complex mediated
IgM or IgG
what mediates type IV hypersensitivity?
T cell mediated
CD4 and CD8 cells
