The imaged brain

Question 1

Measures of the spatial configuration of different types of tissue in the brain (principally CT and MRI)

Answer 1

Structural imaging

Question 2

Measures temporary changes in brain physiology associated with cognitive processing; the most common method is fMRI and is based on a hemodynamic measure

Answer 2

Functional imaging

Question 3

A technique for segregating and measuring differences in white matter and gray matter concentration

Answer 3

Voxel-based morphometry (VBM)

Question 4

Uses MRI to measure white matter connectivity between brain regions

Answer 4

Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)

Question 5

A volume-based unit; in imaging research the brain is divided into many thousands of these

Answer 5

Voxel

Question 6

A measure of the extent to which diffusion takes place in some directions more than others

Answer 6

Fractional anisotropy (FA)

Question 7

The signal measured in fMRI that relates to the concentration of deoxyhemoglobin in the blood.

Answer 7

BOLD: Blood-oxygen-level-dependent contrast

Question 8

Changes in the BOLD signal over time

Answer 8

Hemodynamic response function (HRF)

Question 9

A type of experimental design in functional imaging in which activity in a control task is subtracted from activity in an experimental task

Answer 9

Cognitive subtraction

Question 10

The assumption that adding a different component to a task does not change the operation of other components

Answer 10

Pure insertion

Question 11

The effect of one variable upon another

Answer 11

Interactions

Question 12

A motor signal used to predict sensory consequences of an action

Answer 12

Efference copy

Question 13

The way in which different regions communicate with each other

Answer 13

Functional integration

Question 14

A technique for measuring functional connectivity in which correlations between several regions (networks) are assessed while the participant is not performing any tasks

Answer 14

Resting state paradigm

Question 15

A set of brain regions that is more hemodynamically active during rest than during tasks

Answer 15

Default mode network

Question 16

The mapping of individual differences in brain anatomy onto a standard template

Answer 16

Stereotactic normalization

Question 17

Redistributing brain activity from neighboring voxels to enhance the signal-to-noise ratio

Answer 17

Smoothing

Question 18

Locations in the brain defined relative to the atlas of Talairach and Tournoux

Answer 18

Talairach coordinates

Question 19

An approach for correcting many statistical comparisons based on the number of tests being conducted

Answer 19

Family Wise Error (FWE)

Question 20

An approach for correcting for many statistical comparisons based on the number of positive results obtained

Answer 20

False Discovery Rate (FDR)

Question 21

A reduction/suppression of the activity of a brain region (or a cognitive process), triggered by activity in another region/process

Answer 21

Inhibition

Question 22

An increase of the activity of a brain region (or a cognitive process), triggered by activity in another region/process

Answer 22

Excitation

Question 23

An increase in physiological processing in one condition relative to some other condition(s)

Answer 23

Activation

Question 24

A decrease in physiological processing in one condition relative to some other condition(s)

Answer 24

Deactivation

Question 25

A progressive loss of information from semantic memory

Answer 25

Semantic dementia

Question 26

Conceptually based knowledge about the world, including knowledge of people, places, the meaning of objects and words

Answer 26

Semantic memory

Question 27

An fMRI analysis method in which distributed patterns of activity are linked to cognitive processes

Answer 27

Multi-voxel pattern analysis (MVPA)

Question 28

A disorder of consciousness in which patients with severe brain damage are in a state of partial arousal

Answer 28

Vegetative state