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Anatomy > The heart and great vessels > Flashcards

The heart and great vessels Flashcards

1
Q

What is the heart contained in?

A

The pericardium

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2
Q

What are the surface projections of the surface of the heart?

A

Top right = 3rd costal cartilage
Bottom right = 6th costal cartilage
Top left = 2nd costal cartilage
Bottom left = 5th intercostal space

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3
Q

How many branches arise from the aorta?

A

3

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4
Q

Where can the apex of the heart be palpated?

A

At the fifth intercostal space

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5
Q

What is the brachicephalic artery?

A

An artery of the mediastinum which supplies blood to the RIGHT arm, head and neck by splitting into the right subcalvian artery and the right common corotid artery

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6
Q

What do the right and left subclavian arteries supply?

A

The right and left arm

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7
Q

What do the right and left common carotid arteries supply?

A

The right or left head and neck blood supply

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8
Q

Which veins join to form the vena cava?

A

Brachiocephalic veins

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9
Q

Which veins drain blood from the head?

A

The left and right internal jugular veins

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10
Q

What does the heart mainly lie behind and what is the exception to this?

A

The sternum, the apex potrudes the left slightly

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11
Q

What is the most obvious feature on an X-ray of the heart?

A

The arch of the aorta

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12
Q

Describe the right atria

A

Pierced by the vena cava with deoxygenated blood
Thin walled with internal rough muscle
The coronary sinus is located here
Can be seen from the front of the heart

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13
Q

What is the coronary sinus?

A

The coronary sinus is a collection of veins joined together to form a large vessel that collects blood from the heart muscle
It delivers less-oxygenated blood to the right atrium, as do the superior and inferior vena cava

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14
Q

Describe the left atrium

A

Most posterior
Unable to see from the front of the heart
Holds blood returning from the lungs (oxygenated)

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15
Q

Describe the right ventricle

A

Pumps blood to the pulmonary circulation
Has thicker walls than the atria
Has thinner walls than the left ventricle
Has papillary muscles which give rise to chordae tendinae
Contains a moderator band which prevents distension

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16
Q

Describe the left ventricle

A

Forms the apex of the heart
Is the thickest chamber
Pumps blood around the systemic circulation
Has trabeculae carnae

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17
Q

What are trebeculae carnae?

A

Irregular muscular columns which project from the inner surface of the right and left ventricles of the heart
Most likely to prevent suction that would occur with a flat surfaced membrane and thus impair the heart’s ability to pump efficiently

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18
Q

What are pectinate muscles?

A

Parallel ridges in the walls of the atria of the heart.
They are so-called because of their resemblance to the teeth of a comb as in pecten
Increasing the power of contraction without increasing heart mass

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19
Q

Where is the tricuspid valve?

A

Between the right atrium and the right ventricle

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20
Q

How many leaflets does the tricuspid valve have?

A

3

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21
Q

What does the pulmonary valve separate?

A

The right ventricle and the pulmonary circuit

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22
Q

How many leaflets does the pulmonary valve have?

A

3

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23
Q

Where is the bicuspid valve?

A

Between the left atrium and the left ventricle

24
Q

How many leaflets does the bicuspid valve have?

A

2

25
Q

What does the aortic valve separate?

A

The left ventricle and the aorta

26
Q

What is the left auricular appendage?

A

Small muscular pouch on the upper corner of the left atrium
It collects oxygenated blood as it leaves the lungs and moves the blood into the left ventricle
While the left ventricle contracts, the bicuspid valve shuts to prevent regurgitation of blood. Meanwhile, new blood from the lungs fills the left atrium and left auricle again for the next round of pumping

27
Q

What is the right auricular appendage?

A

Cone shaped
Overlaps the root of the aorta
Collects deoxygenated blood from the blood stream and moves it into the right ventricle

28
Q

What are the cordae tendinae made out of?

A

80% collagen

20% elastin and epithelial cells

29
Q

When are the chordae tendinae relaxed?

A

As the atrioventricular valves are forced open in atrial systole

30
Q

What is the main role of the chordae tendinae?

A

They prevent the eversion and prolapse of the valves leaflets back into the atria by holding the leaflets in a closed position

31
Q

What are the papillary muscles?

A

In the ventricles and attach to the cusps of the AV valves via the chordae tendinae

32
Q

How many papillary muscles are there in total and where are they?

A

5
3 in the right ventricle
2 in the left ventricle

33
Q

When do papillary muscles contract?

A

Shortly before ventricular systole and maintain tension preventing valves being pushed back into the atrium

34
Q

What can cause papillary muscle rupture?

A

Myocardial infarction

35
Q

What can cause papillary muscle dysfunction?

A

Ischaemia

36
Q

Where is the fossa ovalis?

A

Depression seen in the right atrium at the level of the interatrial septum

37
Q

What is the fossa ovalis a remnant of?

A

A thin fibrous sheet which allows blood to pass from the right atrium to the left atrium - the foramen ovule

38
Q

What is the role of the foramen ovule in development?

A

Allows blood to pass from the right atrium to the left atrium
This bypasses the non functional fetal lungs as the fetus obtains its oxygen from the placenta

39
Q

When is the fossa ovalis formed?

A

Immediately after birth as the foramen ovule closes

This enables respiration and circulation independent from the mother’s placenta

40
Q

What is the ligamentum artenosum?

A

Is a small ligament that is a remnant of the ductus arteriosis
It attaches the aortic arch and the left pulmonary artery

41
Q

When does the ligamentum artenosum form?

A

3 weeks after birth

42
Q

What is the role of the ductus artenosum?

A

A temporary fetal structure that sucks blood from the pulmonary arteries to the aorta to avoid pulmonary circulation in the inactive lungs

43
Q

Where is the left coronary artery and what does it split into?

A

Runs down the left ventricle

Splits anteriorly into the anterior interventricular artery and posteriorly into the circumflex artery

44
Q

What does the anterior interventricular artery supply?

A

Anterolateral myocardium, apex and the interventricular septum
It supplies 50% of the left ventricle = critical vessel

45
Q

What does the circumflex artery supply?

A

The posterolateral left ventricle and also the SAN in 38% of people

46
Q

Where is the right coronary artery and what does it split into?

A

Runs down the right ventricle

Splits anteriorly into the marginal artery and posteriorly into the posterior interventricular artery

47
Q

What does the marginal artery supply?

A

All surfaces of the right ventricle

48
Q

What does the posterior interventricular artery supply?

A

The posterior interventricular septum

49
Q

What percentage of people show:

a) right dominance
b) left dominance
c) co-dominance

A

a) 70%
b) 15%
c) 15%

50
Q

What does dominance depend on?

A

Which artery supplies the AV node

51
Q

Which coronary arteries are often blocked?

A

The left anterior descending - supplies blood to the interventricular septum and so supplies bundle branches of the conducting system

52
Q

Where on the chest would you place a stethoscope to hear closure of the tricuspid valve?

A

4th left intercostal space, left sternal border

53
Q

Where on the chest would you place a stethoscope to hear the mitral valve?

A

The 5th intercostal space, left mid-clavicular line

54
Q

Where on the chest would you place a stethoscope to hear the aortic valve?

A

2nd right intercostal space, right sternal border

55
Q

Where on the chest would you place a stethoscope to hear the pulmonary valve?

A

2nd intercostal space, left sternal border

Anatomy (9 decks)

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