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Anatomy > Abdominal walls and Intestines > Flashcards

Abdominal walls and Intestines Flashcards

1
Q

Where does the rectus abdominus extend?

A

From the xiphysternum and the pubic crest

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2
Q

The walls of the abdomen are supplied by which nerves?

A

From nerves T8 to lumbar segment 1 (L1)

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3
Q

Which arteries supply the abdomen walls laterally and where do they arise?

A

Segmental lumbar arteries which arise from the abdominal aorta

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4
Q

Which arteries supply the abdomen anteriorly and where do these artiers arise?

A

The superior and inferior epigastric arteries
Inferior = Branches of the internal thoracic artery
Superior = Branches of the external iliac arteries

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5
Q

What is the function of the external obliques?

A

They act to pull the chest down and compress the abdominal cavity
Limited actions in flexion and rotation of the vertebral column
Can create lateral flexion

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6
Q

What is the function of the internal obliques?

A

Accessory muscles of respiration
Act antagonistically to the diaphragm to cause the volume of the chest cavity to decrease in exhalation
Rotation and side bends the ribs by pulling away the ribcage from the ribs
Torsion of the trunk

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7
Q

What is the role of the transversus abdominus?

A

Helps to compress the ribs and viscera providing thoracic and pelvic stability
Helps women to deliver their baby

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8
Q

What is the external oblique apneurosis?

A

Thin but strong membranous structure, the fibres are directed downwards and medially

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9
Q

What is the rectus abdominus?

A

Flexes the lumbar spine in a crunch

Has a role in forced expiration

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10
Q

Where does the superior epigastric artery arise?

A

Arises from the internal thoracic artery

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11
Q

At what level does the superior GA astomose with the inferior GA?

A

Level of the umbillicus

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12
Q

Where does the inferior gastric artery arise?

A

From the external iliac artery above the inguinal canal

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13
Q

What are the quadrants of the abdomen

A

TOP: Hypochondriac, Epigastric, Hypochondriac
MIDDLE: Lumbar, Umblilical, Lumbar
BOTTOM: Iliac, hypogastric, iliac

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14
Q

What shape is the duodenum?

A

C shaped

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15
Q

What are the parts of the small intestine in order?

A

Duodenum, Jejunum and Ileum

DJ in…(corp)

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16
Q

What are the parts of the large intestine in order?

A

Caecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon and rectum

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17
Q

What are the two flexures of the transverse colon?

A

Right side = hepatic flexure ie under the liver

Left side = splenic flexure ie under the spleen

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18
Q

How long is the duodenum?

A

10-12 inches long

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19
Q

Secretions from what organs mix with chyme in the duodenum for digestion?

A

Pancreas, Liver and Gallbladder

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20
Q

What parts of the stomach act as a main resevoir for food?

A

Cardia, fundus and body

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21
Q

Which part of the stomach breaks down food?

A

Phyloric area

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22
Q

What is the role of the phyloric sphincter?

A

Separates the stomach from the duodenum

23
Q

What are the two notches in the stomach?

A 
Cardiac notch (top)
Angular notch (near phyloric part)
24
Q

What is the jejenum?

A

Middle segment of the small intestine

Most nutrients in food absorbed here

25
Q

What is the ileum?

A

Last part of the small intestine

The remaining nutrients are absorbed here

26
Q

What is the role of mesentery?

A

Anchors the small intestines to the back of the abdominal wall

27
Q

What is the greater omentum?

A

A large fold of visceral peritoneum that hangs down from the stomach

28
Q

How can the jejunum and ileum look different in the live state and why?

A

The jejenum appears pinker than the ileum due to its richer blood supply
Sometimes this difference may persist in the cadaver

29
Q

In a cadaver how can the jejenum and ileum be distinguished?

A

The ileum has more lymphoid tissue on its wall particularly towards the distal end; these are called peyer’s patches
Additionally the ileum has shorter vasa recta than the jejunum

30
Q

What is the structure of the walls of the small intestines?

A 
Outer to inner:
Sensus layer
External longitudinal muscular layer
Internal circular muscular layer
Submucosa
Mucosa
31
Q

What structures can be seen in the mucosa?

A

Plicae circularis

32
Q

What happens in the ascending colon?

A

Bacteria digest matter to release vitamins

Absorbs water, nutrients and vitamins into the bloodstream

33
Q

What happens in the transverse colon?

A

Bacteria ferment waste material to release more vitamins nutrients and water
Uses peristalsis to push faeces along

34
Q

What happens in the descending colon?

A

Storage and accumulation of faeces prior to defactation

35
Q

What is the sigmoid colon?

A

S shaped

Faeces is stored here until it is ready to be eliminated

36
Q

What is the appendix attached to?

A

The caecum

37
Q

What are the differences between the small and large intestines?

A

Large intestine have appendices epiploica
Large intestines have outer smooth muscle raised into three longitudinal bands known as taenae coli
The large intestines have haustrations

38
Q

What are appendices epiploica?

A

Fatty ear like tags the hang from the anti-mesentreric border of the large intestine

39
Q

What is the Meckel’s diverticulum?

A

Slight bulge in the ileum present at birth and is a remnant of the vitelline duct

40
Q

What structures are retroperitoneal?

A 
Party Down with ACDCs Old Records
P = pancreas
D = duodenum
AC = ascending colon
DC = descending colon
O = oesophagus
R = rectum
41
Q

What are the intraperitioneal structures?

A 
Stomach 
Jejenum
Ileum
Transverse colon
Liver 
Gall bladder
Silly Joe Is Teacing Little Girls
42
Q

What does the superior mesenteric artery supply?

A

The duodenum to two thirds along the transverse colon

43
Q

How many branches does the superior mesenteric artery have?

A

5

44
Q

What are the branches of the superior mesenteric artery?

A 
Inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery
Intestinal artery
Ileolic artery
Right colic artery
Middle colic artery
45
Q

Which branches of the aorta are the superior and inferior mesenteric artery?

A 
Superior = 2nd
Inferior = 3rd
46
Q

What does the inferior mesenteric artery supply?

A

The last third of the transverse colon and the rectum

47
Q

How many branches does the inferior mesenteric artery have?

A

3

48
Q

What are the branches of the inferior mesenteric artery?

A

Left colic artery
Sigmoidal artery
Superior rectal artery

49
Q

What method is used to look at the small intestine/ large intestine in an xray?

A

Barium contrast

50
Q

What are hernias?

A

When an organ or fatty tissue squeezes through a weak spot in a surrounding muscle or connective tissue

51
Q

Which type of hernia accounts for 96% of all hernias?

A

Inguinal hernias

Mostly occur in men due to the natural weakness in this area

52
Q

What is the surface marking of the appendix?

A

Right iliac

53
Q

What causes pain in appendicitis?

A

The swollen appendix irritates the adjoining abdominal wall
Pressure occludes small vessels
The appendix becomes ischaemic = pain

54
Q

What is Crohn’s disease?

A

Chronic inflammation of the GI tract

Caused by an immune response = ulceration and thickening of the intestinal wall = symptoms seen

Anatomy (9 decks)

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