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Anatomy > Kidneys, Bladder and the Pelvis > Flashcards

Kidneys, Bladder and the Pelvis Flashcards

1
Q

Where do the kidneys lie?

A

On the posterior abdominal wall either side of the spinal column

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2
Q

What are the important posterior relations of the kidneys?

A

The quadrate lumborum, the diaphragm and the 11/12th ribs

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3
Q

Where do the kidneys receive 25% of their blood supply?

A

A single pair of renal arteries arising from the abdominal aorta

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4
Q

What is the role of the kidneys?

A

They filter blood and produce urine composed of waste and extra fluid

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5
Q

What are the ureters?

A

A duct which urine passes to the bladder

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6
Q

Pain where indicates a problem with the kidneys?

A

Pain at the 12th ribs

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7
Q

What is the renal pelvis?

A

The renal pelvis is the point of convergence of 2 or 3 major calyces
Each renal papilla is surrounded by a branch of the renal pelvis called a calyx

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8
Q

What are the three main zones of the kidney?

A

The cortex, medulla and the renal pelvis

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9
Q

What are the two types of nephrons and what percentages do they account for?

A 
Cortical = 85% located entirely in the cortex
Juxtamedullar = 15% located near the cortex =-medulla junction
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10
Q

Where are the adrenal glands?

A

On the top of each kidney

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11
Q

What do the adrenal glands produce?

A

Adrenaline, aldosterone and cortisol

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12
Q

How do the adrenal glands differ between the two kidneys?

A

The right adrenal gland is moon shaped

The left adrenal gland is cone shaped

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13
Q

What are the parts of the adrenal gland wall inside to outside?

A

Zona reticularis
Zona fasiculata
Zona Glomerulosa

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14
Q

What are the testes contained in?

A

The scrotal sac

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15
Q

What do the spermatic cords contain?

A

Arteries, nerves, veins and vas deferens

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16
Q

What are the membranes that surround the testes derived from the abdominal wall?

A

From outside in:
Spermatic fascia (from the external oblique)
Cremasteric muscle and fascia (from the internal oblique muscle)
Internal spermatic fascia

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17
Q

What does the inguinal canal contain in females?

A

The round ligament

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18
Q

What is the pubic tubercle?

A

A forward projecting tubercle of the pubis which the inguinal ligament attaches to

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19
Q

What is the anterior superior spine of the ileum?

A

Bony projection of the iliac bone

Provides attachment for the inguinal ligament

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20
Q

What is the inguinal ligament?

A

Runs from the pubic tubercle and the anterior superior iliac spine
Forms the base of the inguinal canal

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21
Q

What is the conjoint tendon?

A

Forms at the lower part of the common apnoneurosis of the internal abdominal oblique and the transverse abdominus as it inserts into the pubic crest

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22
Q

What is the superficial inguinal ring?

A

Forms the exit of the inguinal canal, also known as the external (exit) inguinal ring

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23
Q

What is the deep inguinal ring?

A

Also the abdominal/ internal inguinal ring and is the entrance to the inguinal canal

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24
Q

What is the gubernaculum?

A

Aids the descent of the testes into the scrotum through the inguinal canal

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25
Q

Where is the epididymus located?

A

Back of the testes

26
Q

What is the role of the epididymus?

A

Stored and carries sperm

27
Q

What happens in the semniferous tubules?

A

Meiosis and formation of male gametes, spermatazoa

The epithelium contains sertoli cells

28
Q

What is the tunica aluginea?

A

A fibrous envelope of the corpa cavernosa penis

29
Q

What is the papniform plexus?

A

A loose network of veins found within the male spermatic cord
Begins in the scrotum with veins arising from the mediastinum testes, an area of connective tissues at the back of the testis

30
Q

What is the vas deferens?

A

Transports sperm from the epididymus to the ejaculatory ducts in anticipation of ejaculation

31
Q

What is the cremasteric fascia?

A

Thin layer of skeletal muscle found in the inguinal canal and the scrotum
Between the internal layers of the spermatic fascia, surrounding the testis ans spermatic cord

32
Q

What are the parts of the tunica vaginalis?

A

Parietal layer outside
cavity inside
Visceral layer inside

33
Q

How can the male and pelvis be distinguished?

A 
In males:
The inlet is narrower and is more heart shaped
The pelvis is taller
The pubic bone forms an acute angle
The obrurater foramen is round
In females:
The inlet is more circular and round and is larger
The pubic bone has an obtuse angle
The obrurater foramen is oval
34
Q

Where does the female bladder lie?

A

Anterior to the uterus

Infront of the area of the pelvis

35
Q

Where is the bladder not contained when it is full?

A

Not fully contained in the true pelvis

36
Q

Where does the male bladder lie?

A

Above the prostate

37
Q

Which autonomic stimulation causes micturation?

A

The parasympathetic stimulation

38
Q

What happens in sympathetic stimulation?

A

Contraction of the sphincters so continence is maintained

39
Q

What are the parts of the bladder?

A 
The trigone (triangle shaped)
Internal urethral orifice
40
Q

What is contained in the male pelvis?

A

The proximal half of the vas deferens, the seminal vesicles, the prostate gland and the urethra

41
Q

What is contained in both male and female pelvis?

A

Rectum, bladder and pelvic diaphragm

42
Q

Where do the structures in the pelvis receive an autonomic nerve supply from what nerves?

A

The sympathetic hypogastric plexus - enters the pelvis from the posterior wall of the abdomen
Pelvic splanchnic nerves - parasympathetic nerves which are part of the sacral parasympathetic outflow

43
Q

Where does the penis receive its blood supply?

A

From the internal iliac artery

44
Q

What is the role of the corpus spongiousm?

A

Protects the urethra at ejection

45
Q

What is the corpus cavernosum?

A

Fills with blood at erection

46
Q

What is the blood supply to the penis?

A

Pudendal artery

47
Q

Which nerve is the main supply to the penis?

A

The pudendal nerve

48
Q

Which ligament covers the uterine tubes?

A

The broad ligament

49
Q

What is the mesovarium?

A

A mesentery which attaches the uterine tubes to the posterior aspect of the broad ligament

50
Q

Where does the uterus receive its autonomic innervation?

A

Th sympathetic hypogastric plexus

It also receives its parasympathetic input via the pelvic sphlanic nerves

51
Q

Where do the ovaries develop?

A

On the posterior abdominal wall and descend into the pelvis, taking their blood supply with them from the abdominal aorta (ovarian artery)

52
Q

What supplies the uterus and the vagina?

A

The internal iliac arteries

53
Q

What is the broad ligament?

A

Attaches the uterus, fallopian tubes and the ovaries to the pelvis

54
Q

What is the uterine ligament?

A

Assoaciated with the uterus

55
Q

What is the ovarian ligament?

A

Attaches the ovary to the surface of the uterus

56
Q

What is the suspensory ligament?

A

Of the ovary extends from the ovary and pulls them towards the floor of the pelvis

57
Q

What is the trigone of the bladder?

A

A smooth triangular region of the internal urinary bladder formed by two uretal orifices anf the internal urethral orifice
Sensitive to strecth

58
Q

What can be the result of an enlarged prostate?

A

The flow of urine can be impeded = frequent urge to urinate, difficulty urinating and dribbling of urine

59
Q

What is the levatator ani?

A

A broad thin muscle either side of the pelvis
Supports the viscera in the pelvic cavity
Contracts rhthmically during an orgasm

60
Q

What happens mechanically to cause a penile erection?

A

Increased blood pressure caused by relaxation of smooth muscle fibres
Tunica media of veins compresses the veins so blood flow out the penis is prevented

61
Q

The sensor stimulus which causes sexual arousal pass through which nerves?

A

Nervi erigentes

Anatomy (9 decks)

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