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Anatomy > The chest and lungs > Flashcards

The chest and lungs Flashcards

1
Q

How many pairs of ribs are there?

A

12

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2
Q

How many ribs articulate anteriorly with the sternum?

A

10

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3
Q

What are ribs 11 and 12?

A

Floating ribs

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4
Q

What can ribs 1-6 be referred as and why?

A

True ribs as they have their own costal cartilage which articulates anteriorly with the sternum

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5
Q

What can ribs 7-10 be called and why?

A

False ribs as they do not have their own costal cartilage and share the costal cartilage of rib 6 to articulate with the sternum

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6
Q

What is the corner of the 10th rib called?

A

Costal margine

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7
Q

What happens at the sternal angle?

A

Where the 2nd rib articulates
At the level of T4
Where the trachea bifurcates

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8
Q

What are the parts of the sternum from top to bottom?

A 
Jugular notch 
Clavicular notch
Manubrium
Sternal angle
Body - contains facets where the ribs articulate
Xiphoid process
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9
Q

What is the manubrium?

A

Atriculates with the left and right clavicles, thickest part of the sternum

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10
Q

What are the two processes of the vertebrae?

A

Spinous process (1 at the back) and the transverse process (1 on each side)
Also the superior articulate facet
From middle to outside; spinous, superior articulate facet and transverse

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11
Q

What is the ‘hole’ in the vertebrae called?

A

The vertebral foramen

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12
Q

Where do the ribs articulate with the vertebrae?

A

The tubercle and the neck

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13
Q

What is the canellous and what is it surrounded by?

A

The holey part of the vertebrae surrounded by the cortical rim

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14
Q

How many articular facets does the head have and what do the articulate to?

A

2
Top one articulates with the vertebrae above
The bottom one articulates with the numerically corresponding vertebrae

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15
Q

What is the costal groove?

A

For the intercostal vein, artery and nerve

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16
Q

What does the tubercle articulate to?

A

The superior costal facet

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17
Q

What is the role of the external intercostal muscle?

A

Aids quiet and forced inhalation

Responsible for the expansion and the elevation of the ribs

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18
Q

Where do the external intercostals originate and where do they insert?

A

Originate on ribs 1-11 and insert onto ribs 12

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19
Q

What is the role of the internal intercostal muscles?

A

Aids forced expiration (quiet is passive)

Causes depression of the ribs

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20
Q

Where do the internal intercostals originate and where do they insert?

A

Originate on ribs 1-11 and insert onto ribs 2-12

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21
Q

What direction do the intercostal muscles run in?

A 
External = V shaped
Internal = N shape
Internal = run straight up
22
Q

What is the neurovascular bundle?

A

Separates the innermost intercostal from the internal intercostal muscle
Has a strict order- VAN (Vein, artery, nerve)

23
Q

Where would a needle be inserted to aspirate needle fluid?

A

Inserted through the intercostal space on the superior side of the ribs to avoid nerves being damaged

24
Q

What are the two ways of describing respiration?

A

Bucket handle respiration - Lateral movement of the ribs

Pump handle respiration - Elevation of the ribs

25
Q

What is the function of the pulmonary pluerae?

A

Contraction of the diaphragm creates a negative pressure forcing inhalation
The fluid provides lubrication and cushioning and reduces friction as the lungs expand
If pleura is overproduced it can lead to the compression of the lung

26
Q

What is parietal pleura?

A

Covers the outermembrane and covers the upper surface of the diaphragm
Separates the pleural cavity from the mediastinum

27
Q

What is the visceral pleura?

A

Covers the surface of the lungs and dips into fissures

28
Q

What is the pleural cavity

A

Cavity filled with pleural fluid

‘Potential space’

29
Q

What is the heart contained in?

A

The peri-cardial sac

30
Q

Which space does the heart occupy?

A

The middle mediastinum

31
Q

What occupies the superior mediastinum?

A

The aorta, great vessels, trachea and upper oesophagus

32
Q

What occupies the posterior mediastinum?

A

Continuation of the esophagus (behind the heart) which penetrates the diaphragm

33
Q

What are the two prominent nerves in the chest?

A

Vagus nerve - thoracic viscera

Phrenic nerve - diaphragm

34
Q

What are the lobes of the right lung?

A

Superior lobe
Middle lobe
Inferior lobe

35
Q

What are the fissures of the right lung?

A

Horizontal (between the superior and middle lobe)

Oblique (between the middle and inferior lobe)

36
Q

What are the lobes of the left lung?

A

Superior lobe

Inferior lobe

37
Q

What are the fissures of the left lung?

A

The oblique fissure

38
Q

What is the cardiac notch in the left lung?

A

A dent in the lung where the heart lies

39
Q

What is the lingula?

A

Thought to be a remnant of the left lungs middle lobe

40
Q

Describe the hilum of the right lung

A

Top left = pulmonary artery (BLUE because blood is deoxygenated)
Top right = Bronchus (surrounded by bronchial arteries)
Middle = Bronchopulmonary lymph nodes
Bottom = Superior and inferior pulmonary veins (RED as carry oxgenated blood)

41
Q

Describe the hilum of the left lung

A 
Top = pulmonary artery
Middle left = Bronchus 
Middle right = Superior pulmonary vein
Bottom = Inferior pulmonary veins
Lymph nodes inbetween the veins and also the vein and bronchus
42
Q

Which vessel leaves a depression in the left lung?

A

The aorta

43
Q

Which bronchus is an inhaled foreign body more likely to go down and why?

A

The right bronchus because it is wider and more verticle than the left bronchus

44
Q

Why is there cartilage in the trachea and bronchi and not in the smaller airways?

A

The hyloid cartilage rings keep the airways from collapsing = strong and stable for life
Small airways have none so they can collapse and expel air out - ligaments in the bronchioles maintain their integral structure

45
Q

Describe the phrenic nerves

A 
Arise from the neck
Lies lateral to the vagus
Runs parallel to the heart vessels
Passes infront of the root of each lung and supplies the pericardium and diaphragm
There are two on each side of the body
46
Q

Describe the vagus nerve

A

The 10th cranial nerve
Enters the neck from the chest close to the sides of the trachea and the oesophagus
It supplies the organs before penetrating the diaphragm to supply the abdnominal viscera

47
Q

Where is the thymus gland located?

A

In the mediastinum of the throracic cavity anterior and superior to the heart but posterior to the sternum

48
Q

What is the role of the thymus gland?

A

It matures immature Tcells so has a role in innate immunity

49
Q

At which rib level does the left middle lobe lie?

A

The forth rib

50
Q

At which rib level is the base of the lungs?

A

Rib 9

51
Q

At which thoracic vertebrae do the oblique fissures start?

A

TIV (4)

Anatomy (9 decks)

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