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bio 20 unit 1 > the heart > Flashcards

the heart Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

where do arteries carry blood for the heart?

A

away from the heart

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2
Q

what carries blood towards the body organs?

A

arteries

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3
Q

what carries blood towards the heart?

A

veins

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4
Q

where do veins carry blood for body organs?

A

away from body organs

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5
Q

what are the divisions of arteries called?

A

arterioles

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6
Q

where do capillaries take blood from?

A

to and from body cells

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7
Q

how many directions does blood travel in?

A

one

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8
Q

what kind of blood travels in veins?

A

deoxygenated

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9
Q

how thick are capillaries?

A

one cell thick

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10
Q

what do venules form?

A

veins

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11
Q

where does the blood from your heart come from?

A

veins

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12
Q

what is the term for blood vessels getting smaller?

A

vasoconstriction

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13
Q

what is vasodilatation?

A

blood vessels getting bigger

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14
Q

what is an example of vasoconstriction?

A

skin’s blood when cold

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15
Q

what is an example of vasodilatation?

A

skin’s blood when warm

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16
Q

what happens when arteries get further away from the heart?

A

they become arterioles

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17
Q

what controls motor nerves that regulate the body’s equilibrium?

A

the autonomic nervous system

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18
Q

what happens to a blood vessel when someone has an aneurysm?

A

the blood vessel bulges

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19
Q

what does an aneurysm cause?

A

less oxygen and nutrients delivered to tissues

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20
Q

what do capillaries join together?

A

arterioles and venules

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21
Q

what colour is oxygenated blood?

A

red

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22
Q

what is blue/purple blood and indication of?

A

deoxygenated blood

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23
Q

what kind of blood is usually in the veins and venules?

A

deoxygenated blood (blue/purple)

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24
Q

what kind of blood is usually in the arteries and arterioles?

A

oxygenated blood (red)

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25
Q

what are venules?

A

merging of capillaries that are becoming larger

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26
Q

what are veins?

A

merging venules

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27
Q

what do venules contain?

A

smooth muscle

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28
Q

what do veins contain?

A

less muscle than arteries, one way valves, and 65% of blood

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29
Q

how does blood flow from highest to lowest pressure levels?

A

arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins

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30
Q

how does blood get pumped back into the heart?

A

valves in veins allow blood to flow one direction, venules pressure increases when muscles contract against veins, these contractions move blood back to the heart

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31
Q

what are sequential contractions?

A

movement of muscle that moves blood back to the heart

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32
Q

what are varicose veins?

A

surface veins that become larger and bulge

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33
Q

what is a negative effect of varicose veins?

A

valves can be damaged, and blood cooling can occur

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34
Q

what causes varicose veins?

A

standing too often

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35
Q

what is the pericardium?

A

a fluid filled membrane that surrounds the heart

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36
Q

what does pericardium do for the heart?

A

baths the heart in fluid and prevents friction

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37
Q

what separates the two pumps of the heart?

A

the septum

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38
Q

what kind of blood does the right pump of the heart receive?

A

deoxygenated blood (blue/purple)

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39
Q

what does the right pump of the heart do?

A

receives deoxygenated blood from the body and pumps it into the lungs

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40
Q

what does the left pump of the heart do?

A

receive oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it into the body

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41
Q

what type of blood does the left pump of the heart receive?

A

oxygenated (red)

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42
Q

what does the pulmonary system do?

A

carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs and oxygenated blood to the heart

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43
Q

what carries oxygenated blood to the bodies tissues and deoxygenated blood to the heart?

A

the systemic circulatory system

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44
Q

what makes up the heart?

A

4 chambers, 2 thin walled atria, 2 thick walled ventricles

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45
Q

what is atria?

A

two upper chambers which pump blood to the two lower ventricles

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46
Q

where does blood enter into the right atrium from?

A

the systemic system

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47
Q

where does blood enter into the left atrium from?

A

the pulmonary system

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48
Q

where do pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood to?

A

the left atrium

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49
Q

where is blood oxygenated?

A

the pulmonary veins

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50
Q

where does deoxygenated blood that goes to the lungs come from?

A

the right ventricle

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51
Q

which artery has no oxygen in it?

A

pulmonary artery

52
Q

where does blood in the ventricles come from?

A

the atria

53
Q

where does deoxygenated blood from the right atrium go?

A

the right ventricle, out of the pulmonary artery, and into the lungs

54
Q

where does oxygenated blood from the left atrium go?

A

the left ventricle, out of the aorta, and to the body

55
Q

how does blood flow?

A

veins, atria, ventricle, arteries

56
Q

what do atrioventricular valves do?

A

separate the atria from the ventricles and prevent the flow of blood moving backwards

57
Q

what are atrioventricular valves made of?

A

connective tissues (chordae tendineae)

58
Q

what are the two atrioventricular valves called?

A

tricuspid valve and bicuspid valve

59
Q

what do tricuspid valves do?

A

separates the atrium from the ventricle on the RIGHT side

60
Q

what do bicuspid valves do?

A

separates the atrium from the ventricle on the LEFT side

61
Q

what do semilunar valves do?

A

separate ventricles from arteries, prevent blood flow from arteries into the ventricles

62
Q

what is the aorta?

A

largest artery in the body

63
Q

what does the aorta do?

A

carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the body tissues

64
Q

what are coronary arteries?

A

arteries from an aorta branch off

65
Q

what supplies the heart with oxygen and nutrients?

A

coronary arteries

66
Q

what happens to the heart when the body is stressed?

A

20% of total oxygen is used by the heart

67
Q

what happens when not enough oxygen can reach the heart?

A

chest pain (angina)

68
Q

what is a coronary bypass operation?

A

an operation performed when plaque builds up in the coronary artery to reroute blood flow

69
Q

what is an angioplasty?

A

a catheter that has a tiny balloon attached to it and will inflate to open up a blocked blood vessel

70
Q

what does the sinoatrial node (SA) do?

A

stimulate the heart beat and acts as a peacemaker

71
Q

where is the sinoatrial node (SA) located?

A

the right atrium

72
Q

how do contractions travel?

A

from the sinoatrial node to the atrioventricular node

73
Q

what are purkinje fibres?

A

two large nerve fibres that go through the septum towards the veins

74
Q

what is the sympathetic nervous system?

A

a system that increases heart rate during stress (increasing blood flow to muscle)

75
Q

what is the parasympathetic system?

A

a system that returns the body and heart rate to normal after stress

76
Q

what is the term for when heart rate exceeds 100 bpm?

A

tachycardia

77
Q

what is the “lubb-dubb” sound from?

A

closing of the heart valves

78
Q

what sound is created from the AV valves closing?

A

“lubb”

79
Q

what sound is created from semilunar valves closing?

A

“dubb”

80
Q

what happens during diastole?

A

relaxation of the heart, atria fills with blood

81
Q

what happens during systole?

A

contraction of the heart, blood is pushed out

82
Q

what is a heart murmur?

A

blood leaks past valves

83
Q

what is cardiac output?

A

the amount of blood pumped from the heart each minute

84
Q

what is stroke volume?

A

volume of blood pumped from one ventricle with each beat

85
Q

what does the stronger the heart contraction mean?

A

the higher the stroke volume

86
Q

what amount of blood leaves each ventricle per beat?

A

70mL

87
Q

how is cardiac output calculated?

A

stroke volume x heart rate

88
Q

what is a sphygmomanometer?

A

measurement of blood pressure indirectly

89
Q

what is the pressure inside blood vessels the moment heart beats?

A

systolic

90
Q

what is the pressure in blood vessels between heart beats?

A

diastolic

91
Q

what is a hypertensive blood pressure?

A

cardiac output of 140/90 or higher

92
Q

what is pre-hypertensive blood pressure?

A

cardiac output between 120/80 and 139/89

93
Q

what happens to blood pressure as it gets further away from the ventricles?

A

blood pressure decreases

94
Q

what is hypertension?

A

high blood pressure

95
Q

what is a consequence of hypertension?

A

blood vessels weaken in which the body compensates by increased levels of connective tissue, arteries become hard and less elastic

96
Q

what is thermoregulation?

A

maintenance of body temperature

97
Q

how does the body increase heat?

A

cellular respiration

98
Q

where is the message to allow seat glands to open sent?

A

hypothalamus

99
Q

what cools down the body?

A

perspiration

100
Q

what do blood vessels do to lose heat?

A

dilate

101
Q

how does water move in the body?

A

capillaries (high pressure) to ECF (low pressure)

102
Q

what the movement of materials through capillary walls by pressure gradient?

A

filtration

103
Q

what is absorption?

A

movement into capillaries

104
Q

what do capillaries do?

A

exchange fluid between blood and extracellular fluid

105
Q

what are capillaries permeable to?

A

O2 and CO2

106
Q

what moves through spaces between capillary cells?

A

H2O

107
Q

what draws water back into capillaries?

A

osmotic pressure

108
Q

what is lymph?

A

fluid similar to blood plasma but flows through lymph vessels

109
Q

what are lymph nodes?

A

nodes that store lymphocytes and removes bacteria and foreign particles from lymph

110
Q

what are lymphocytes?

A

white blood cells that produce antibodies

111
Q

what do stem cells divide into?

A

white blood cells

112
Q

where is blood produced?

A

bone marrow

113
Q

what does the superior vena cava do?

A

return deoxygenated blood from the body to the right atrium

114
Q

what does the right pulmonary artery do?

A

carry oxygen-poor blood from your heart to your lungs

115
Q

what do right pulmonary veins do?

A

drains blood from right superior and right middle lobes

116
Q

what does the right pulmonary valves do?

A

transports deoxygenated blood to the lungs

117
Q

what does the right atrium do?

A

receives oxygen-poor blood from the body and pumps it to the right ventricle

118
Q

what controls the flow of blood from the heart’s right atrium to the right ventricle?

A

tricuspid valve

119
Q

what pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs?

A

the right ventricle

120
Q

what does the inferior vena cava do?

A

carries deoxygenated blood from the lower part of the body to the heart

121
Q

what does the left atrium do?

A

receives oxygen-rich blood from the lungs and pumps it to the left ventricle

122
Q

what regulates blood flow from the left atrium into the left ventricle?

A

the mitrial valve

123
Q

what does the left ventricle do?

A

forces oxygenated blood through the aortic valve to be distributed to the entire body

124
Q

what opens to let blood flow from your left ventricle to your aorta?

A

the aortic valve

125
Q

what is the interventricular septum?

A

a muscular wall that divides the heart’s ventricles, or lower chambers, into left and right halves

126
Q

where does deoxygenated blood travel from and towards?

A

enters the heart from the body and goes to the lungs

127
Q

where does oxygenated blood travel from and towards?

A

enters the heart from the lungs and goes out to the body

bio 20 unit 1 (10 decks)

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