the heart Flashcards
where do arteries carry blood for the heart?
away from the heart
what carries blood towards the body organs?
arteries
what carries blood towards the heart?
veins
where do veins carry blood for body organs?
away from body organs
what are the divisions of arteries called?
arterioles
where do capillaries take blood from?
to and from body cells
how many directions does blood travel in?
one
what kind of blood travels in veins?
deoxygenated
how thick are capillaries?
one cell thick
what do venules form?
veins
where does the blood from your heart come from?
veins
what is the term for blood vessels getting smaller?
vasoconstriction
what is vasodilatation?
blood vessels getting bigger
what is an example of vasoconstriction?
skin’s blood when cold
what is an example of vasodilatation?
skin’s blood when warm
what happens when arteries get further away from the heart?
they become arterioles
what controls motor nerves that regulate the body’s equilibrium?
the autonomic nervous system
what happens to a blood vessel when someone has an aneurysm?
the blood vessel bulges
what does an aneurysm cause?
less oxygen and nutrients delivered to tissues
what do capillaries join together?
arterioles and venules
what colour is oxygenated blood?
red
what is blue/purple blood and indication of?
deoxygenated blood
what kind of blood is usually in the veins and venules?
deoxygenated blood (blue/purple)
what kind of blood is usually in the arteries and arterioles?
oxygenated blood (red)
what are venules?
merging of capillaries that are becoming larger
what are veins?
merging venules
what do venules contain?
smooth muscle
what do veins contain?
less muscle than arteries, one way valves, and 65% of blood
how does blood flow from highest to lowest pressure levels?
arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins
how does blood get pumped back into the heart?
valves in veins allow blood to flow one direction, venules pressure increases when muscles contract against veins, these contractions move blood back to the heart
what are sequential contractions?
movement of muscle that moves blood back to the heart
what are varicose veins?
surface veins that become larger and bulge
what is a negative effect of varicose veins?
valves can be damaged, and blood cooling can occur
what causes varicose veins?
standing too often
what is the pericardium?
a fluid filled membrane that surrounds the heart
what does pericardium do for the heart?
baths the heart in fluid and prevents friction
what separates the two pumps of the heart?
the septum
what kind of blood does the right pump of the heart receive?
deoxygenated blood (blue/purple)
what does the right pump of the heart do?
receives deoxygenated blood from the body and pumps it into the lungs
what does the left pump of the heart do?
receive oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it into the body
what type of blood does the left pump of the heart receive?
oxygenated (red)
what does the pulmonary system do?
carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs and oxygenated blood to the heart
what carries oxygenated blood to the bodies tissues and deoxygenated blood to the heart?
the systemic circulatory system
what makes up the heart?
4 chambers, 2 thin walled atria, 2 thick walled ventricles
what is atria?
two upper chambers which pump blood to the two lower ventricles
where does blood enter into the right atrium from?
the systemic system
where does blood enter into the left atrium from?
the pulmonary system
where do pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood to?
the left atrium
where is blood oxygenated?
the pulmonary veins
where does deoxygenated blood that goes to the lungs come from?
the right ventricle
which artery has no oxygen in it?
pulmonary artery
where does blood in the ventricles come from?
the atria
where does deoxygenated blood from the right atrium go?
the right ventricle, out of the pulmonary artery, and into the lungs
where does oxygenated blood from the left atrium go?
the left ventricle, out of the aorta, and to the body
how does blood flow?
veins, atria, ventricle, arteries
what do atrioventricular valves do?
separate the atria from the ventricles and prevent the flow of blood moving backwards
what are atrioventricular valves made of?
connective tissues (chordae tendineae)
what are the two atrioventricular valves called?
tricuspid valve and bicuspid valve
what do tricuspid valves do?
separates the atrium from the ventricle on the RIGHT side
what do bicuspid valves do?
separates the atrium from the ventricle on the LEFT side
what do semilunar valves do?
separate ventricles from arteries, prevent blood flow from arteries into the ventricles
what is the aorta?
largest artery in the body
what does the aorta do?
carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the body tissues
what are coronary arteries?
arteries from an aorta branch off
what supplies the heart with oxygen and nutrients?
coronary arteries
what happens to the heart when the body is stressed?
20% of total oxygen is used by the heart
what happens when not enough oxygen can reach the heart?
chest pain (angina)
what is a coronary bypass operation?
an operation performed when plaque builds up in the coronary artery to reroute blood flow
what is an angioplasty?
a catheter that has a tiny balloon attached to it and will inflate to open up a blocked blood vessel
what does the sinoatrial node (SA) do?
stimulate the heart beat and acts as a peacemaker
where is the sinoatrial node (SA) located?
the right atrium
how do contractions travel?
from the sinoatrial node to the atrioventricular node
what are purkinje fibres?
two large nerve fibres that go through the septum towards the veins
what is the sympathetic nervous system?
a system that increases heart rate during stress (increasing blood flow to muscle)
what is the parasympathetic system?
a system that returns the body and heart rate to normal after stress
what is the term for when heart rate exceeds 100 bpm?
tachycardia
what is the “lubb-dubb” sound from?
closing of the heart valves
what sound is created from the AV valves closing?
“lubb”
what sound is created from semilunar valves closing?
“dubb”
what happens during diastole?
relaxation of the heart, atria fills with blood
what happens during systole?
contraction of the heart, blood is pushed out
what is a heart murmur?
blood leaks past valves
what is cardiac output?
the amount of blood pumped from the heart each minute
what is stroke volume?
volume of blood pumped from one ventricle with each beat
what does the stronger the heart contraction mean?
the higher the stroke volume
what amount of blood leaves each ventricle per beat?
70mL
how is cardiac output calculated?
stroke volume x heart rate
what is a sphygmomanometer?
measurement of blood pressure indirectly
what is the pressure inside blood vessels the moment heart beats?
systolic
what is the pressure in blood vessels between heart beats?
diastolic
what is a hypertensive blood pressure?
cardiac output of 140/90 or higher
what is pre-hypertensive blood pressure?
cardiac output between 120/80 and 139/89
what happens to blood pressure as it gets further away from the ventricles?
blood pressure decreases
what is hypertension?
high blood pressure
what is a consequence of hypertension?
blood vessels weaken in which the body compensates by increased levels of connective tissue, arteries become hard and less elastic
what is thermoregulation?
maintenance of body temperature
how does the body increase heat?
cellular respiration
where is the message to allow seat glands to open sent?
hypothalamus
what cools down the body?
perspiration
what do blood vessels do to lose heat?
dilate
how does water move in the body?
capillaries (high pressure) to ECF (low pressure)
what the movement of materials through capillary walls by pressure gradient?
filtration
what is absorption?
movement into capillaries
what do capillaries do?
exchange fluid between blood and extracellular fluid
what are capillaries permeable to?
O2 and CO2
what moves through spaces between capillary cells?
H2O
what draws water back into capillaries?
osmotic pressure
what is lymph?
fluid similar to blood plasma but flows through lymph vessels
what are lymph nodes?
nodes that store lymphocytes and removes bacteria and foreign particles from lymph
what are lymphocytes?
white blood cells that produce antibodies
what do stem cells divide into?
white blood cells
where is blood produced?
bone marrow
what does the superior vena cava do?
return deoxygenated blood from the body to the right atrium
what does the right pulmonary artery do?
carry oxygen-poor blood from your heart to your lungs
what do right pulmonary veins do?
drains blood from right superior and right middle lobes
what does the right pulmonary valves do?
transports deoxygenated blood to the lungs
what does the right atrium do?
receives oxygen-poor blood from the body and pumps it to the right ventricle
what controls the flow of blood from the heart’s right atrium to the right ventricle?
tricuspid valve
what pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs?
the right ventricle
what does the inferior vena cava do?
carries deoxygenated blood from the lower part of the body to the heart
what does the left atrium do?
receives oxygen-rich blood from the lungs and pumps it to the left ventricle
what regulates blood flow from the left atrium into the left ventricle?
the mitrial valve
what does the left ventricle do?
forces oxygenated blood through the aortic valve to be distributed to the entire body
what opens to let blood flow from your left ventricle to your aorta?
the aortic valve
what is the interventricular septum?
a muscular wall that divides the heart’s ventricles, or lower chambers, into left and right halves
where does deoxygenated blood travel from and towards?
enters the heart from the body and goes to the lungs
where does oxygenated blood travel from and towards?
enters the heart from the lungs and goes out to the body
