chapter 6 Flashcards
light dependant reactions and the chloroplast
what powers light-dependent reactions?
the sun
what happens when photons of light strike photosynthesis II?
the electrons are excited
what happens to H+ in the stroma?
it gets pulled into the lumen
what happens to the electrons as H+ is pulled into the lumen?
electrons lose energy
what are electrons replaced within photosystem II?
H2O
what is produced at the end of ETC as photons strike photosynthesis I?
NADPH
which organisms does NADPH occur in?
in photosynthetic organisms
what is the process of H2O splitting into H+, O2, and e-?
photolysis
what happens between H+ and the lumen?
H+ builds up in the lumen as a result of ETC and H2O
what structure does H+ pass through to create ATP?
ATP synthase
what is chemiosmosis?
the process of creating ATP through H+ passing through the ATP synthase structure
what is ATP?
a molecule that contains high energy bonds that transfer energy to all organisms
what is ADP?
a molecule that contains two high energy phosphate bonds
how is NADP+ created?
by accepting one hydrogen atom and two electrons
what is the oxidation formula for ATP
ATP->ADP + Pi + energy
what is the reduction reaction for NADPH?
NADPH->NADP+ + H+ + 2e- + energy
what are photons?
an energy packet of electromagnetic radiation (units of light)
what colour of light has the most energy?
violet
what does the wavelength have to do with the amount of energy?
longer=less shoter=more
why do leaves change colour in the fall?
chlorophyll breaks down because of the temperature and daylight hours (causes chlorophyll to stop producing its food)
what is NADPH?
a product of the first level of photosynthesis
what is NADP+?
hydrogen acceptor (creates NADPH)
what is oxidation?
the loss of electrons
what is reduction?
the gain of electrons
what is chlorophyll?
light absorbing green pigment that starts photosynthesis
what does an accessory pigment do?
transfer energy back into chlorophyll
what is an example of an accessory pigment?
carotenoids
what does ATP stand for?
adenosine triphosphate (more energy-less stable)
what does ADP stand for?
adenosine diphosphate (less energy-more stable)
what is a stack of thylakoids called?
granum/grana
what are the bridges between the granum called?
lamella
what is the liquid space in the chloroplast called?
stroma
where is the electron transport chain (ETC) located?
thylakoid membrane
where do light dependant reactions occur?
thylakoid membrane
what happens to electrons during photolysis?
the move to PSll to replace the electrons lost
what happens to the protons during photolysis?
protons are moved across the electron transport chain into the lumen, losing energy
what happens to oxygen during photolysis?
it is released back into earth’s atmosphere
what happens in photosystem 1?
uses light energy to allow electrons to move across the thylakoid membrane to create NADPH and ATP
what happens in photosystem 2?
captures photons to assist with photolysis and extract electrons to move across the ETC
where are the photosystems located?
thylakoid membrane
what is the electron transport chains main purpose?
create an electrochemical gradient and drive the synthesis of ATP through ATP synthase (cellular respiration)
where is the electron transport chain located?
inner mitochondrial membrane
what happens to extra hydrogen ions during photosynthesis?
pulled into the lumen,, releasing energy
what happens to hydrogen during photosynthesis?
pulled into the thylakoid space because of electrons passing through the electron transport chain
how is NADPH created?
electrons, NADP+, and hydrogen ions form NADPH
where does NADPH go after it is formed?
the stroma
what is the main function of the ATP synthase?
allows protons to pass through the thylakoid membrane, turning ADP into ATP
where is the ATP synthase located?
inner mitochondrial membrane
where does chemiosmosis occur in photosynthesis?
the chloroplast
where does chemiosmosis occur in cellular respiration?
the mitochondria
what reactants are involved in light dependant reactions?
H2O and sunlight
what is the main purpose of light dependant reactions?
convert light energy into chemical energy/create ATP and NADPH
what products are created from light dependant reactions?
ATP, NADPH, and oxygen
what is the main purpose of the calvin cycle?
use ATP and NADPH, from light dependant, and carbon dioxide to create G3P
what does NADP+ accept to create NADPH?
2 electrons and 1 hydrogen
what is G3P?
a sugar used to create glucose
what happens when hydrogen moves through the ATP synthase?
the energy released is used to combine ADP and Pi
where does the calvin cycle occur?
the stroma
what reactants, and how many, are needed in an light independent reaction?
(6) CO2, (12) NADPH, and (18) ATP
what products, and how many, are created from light independent reactions?
(1) glucose, (6) NADP+, and H2O
how many moles of CO2 is used to create one molecule of G3P?
3 moles
what happens to CO2 in the calvin cycle?
CO2 goes through carbon fixation
what is carbon fixation?
the process of taking CO2 from the air and turning it into sugars
what is glucose?
a type of sugar; the chief source of energy for living organisms
