Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy and Physiology 2 > The Heart > Flashcards

The Heart Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the heart located?

A

The heart is located in the mediastinum and the base lies on the 5th rib.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the function of the heart?

A

The heart is basically a pump: it receives deoxygenated (more CO2) blood, sends it to the lungs to be exchanged with oxygenated blood and then pump it to the rest of the body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What encloses and holds the heart in place?

A

The pericardium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is another way to describe the inner layer of the pericardium?

A

The serous pericardium (has 2 layers)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the two layers of the serous pericardium?

A

The parietal (outer) and visceral (inner) layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the space between the visceral and parietal layers of the serous pericardium called?

A

The pericardial space/cavity (fluid-filled)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the role of the coronary arteries?

A

Supplies O2 + nutrients to the muscles of the heart (myocardium)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

The coronary arteries branch from the…

A

Ascending aorta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Which artery supplies the left ventricle?

A

The left main coronary artery supplies the left ventricle.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What does the left main coronary artery branch into? (3)

A
  1. It goes around the back of the heart into the left circumflex artery
  2. Then there’s the anterior interventricular artery (lies in the interventricular sulcus — separates the ventricles)
  3. Comes down and becomes the left anterior descending artery (LAD)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What does the right coronary artery branch into? (2)

A
  1. The right marginal artery (hint: marginal = side)
  2. Then the inferior interventricular artery (posterior)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the role of the coronary veins?

A

Picks up CO2 and waste from the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Where do the branches of the coronary veins converge?

A
  • The coronary sinus (think of it like rivers dumping water into a lake)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Is the coronary sinus at the posterior or anterior of the heart?

A

The posterior of the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Where does the coronary sinus dump its waste?

A

The right atrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What vein dumps CO2 and waste into the coronary sinus?

A

The great cardiac vein (LEFT)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the coronary veins on the anterior of the heart? (4)

A

The great cardiac vein (LT) ; the small cardiac vein (RT); the anterior cardiac vein; and the oblique vein of the left atrium.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the coronary veins on the posterior of the heart? (3)

A

The coronary sinus (in the coronary sulcus); the middle cardiac vein; and the posterior vein of the left ventricle.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the branches of the left side of the thoracic aorta? (2)

A

The left subclavian artery and the left common carotid artery (CCA)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Does the right branches of the thoracic aorta come directly from the aorta?

A

No, they come from the brachiocepahalic artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the branches of the brachiocephalic artery? (right branches of the thoracic aorta) (2)

A

The right common carotid and the right subclavian artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the branches of the superior vena cava?

A

The left and right innominate veins (each has their own LT/RT subclavian and internal jugular vein)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the heart’s layers in its wall?

A

The epicardium, myocardium, and the endocardium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the endocardium’s location?

A

The most inner layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the myocardium’s location?

A

The middle layer of the heart’s wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

The myocardium is the major structure for… (2)

A

Electrical conductivity and contraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is the epicardium’s location?

A

The outer layer of the wall (attaches to visceral pericardium)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are intercalated discs?

A

Exclusive to the heart, they connect myocytes (muscle cells) together.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are gap junctions?

A

They are membrane channels that control ion and small cell movement.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What are desmosomes?

A

Proteins that glue cells together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is a sarcomere?

A

A basic unit of muscle fibers: myosin slides along actin during a contraction, which requires ATP using calcium, troponin, and tropomyosin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

The right atrium receives blood from where? (3)

A

Superior/inferior vena cava and the coronary sinus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

The right ventricle receives and sends blood where?

A

Receives blood from the right atrium; sends blood to the lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

The left atrium receives blood where?

A

The pulmonary veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

The left ventricle receives and sends blood where?

A

Receives blood from the left atrium; sends blood to rest of body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What is the purpose of the right and left atrioventricular valves?

A

The atrioventricular valves prevent backflow from the ventricles into the atria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What are the atrioventricular valves?

A

RT: tricuspid; LT: bicuspid (or mitral)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What is the purpose of the right and left semilunar valves?

A

Prevents backflow from the arteries into the ventricles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What are the semilunar valves?

A

RT ventricle: pulmonary; LT ventricle: aortic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What are pectinate muscles?

A

Parallel ridges in the atrial walls

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What are trabeculae carneae?

A

Muscular ridges projecting from the inner surface of the ventricles (prevents suction)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What are chordae tendineae?

A

Fibrous cords connecting valve edges to the papillary muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What are papillary muscles?

A

Pillar-like muscles in ventricular walls and connects to chordae tendinae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What is the purpose of the papillary muscles?

A

Prevents inversion or closure of valves during contraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What is the process of pulmonary circulation?

A

The exchange of O2 and CO2 in the lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Describe the steps of pulmonary circulation — DEOXYGENATED blood (8)

A
  1. Superior/inferior vena cava
  2. RT atrium
  3. >>Right atrioventricular valve (tricuspid)>>
  4. RT ventricle
  5. >>Pulmonary valve>>
  6. Pulmonary trunk
  7. RT/LT pulmonary arteries
  8. Lung capillaries (exhale CO2)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Describe the steps of pulmonary circulation — OXYGENATED blood (7)

A
  1. Pulmonary capillaries (inhale O2)
  2. LT atrium
  3. >>LT atrioventricular valve (bicuspid/mitral)>>
  4. LT ventricle
  5. >>Aortic valve>>
  6. Aorta
  7. Rest of body
48
Q

Nodal cells make up?

A

Specialized muscle cells that ignite the myocytes (spreading APs through heart)

49
Q

What is polarization?

A

When the cell is at rest

50
Q

What is depolarization?

A

When the action potential takes place

51
Q

What is repolarization?

A

The return phase to polarization

52
Q

What is systole also known as?

A

Heart contraction

53
Q

What is diastole also known as?

A

Heart relaxation

54
Q

What are some things involved in the cardiac cycle? (5)

A

Electrical events, pressure changes, heart sounds, volume changes, mechanical events

55
Q

What is the function of the SA (sinoatrial) node?

A

The SA node is the pacemaker: it initiates depolarization and then atrial contraction

56
Q

Where is the SA node?

A

Posterior wall of the RT atrium

57
Q

What is the function of the AV node?

A

The AV node initiates ventricular depolarization

58
Q

What is the function of the Bundle of His?

A

The Bundle of His causes depolarization of the interventricular septum

59
Q

What is the function of the LT/RT Purkinje fibers?

A

Depolarizes/contracts LT and RT ventricles

60
Q

What is the travel path of the conductive pathway? (4)

A

SA node; AV node; Bundle of His; LT/RT Purkinje fibers

61
Q

The P wave represents?

A

The P wave represents atrial depolarization

62
Q

The QRS complex represents?

A

The QRS complex represents the depolarization and contraction of the ventricles

63
Q

The T wave represents?

A

The T wave represents the repolarization of the ventricles

64
Q

What is the cardiac cycle?

A

A series of pressure changes in the heart chambers, resulting in movement of blood

65
Q

What does atrial systolic pressure cause?

A

Blood moves from atria to ventricle via AV valves

66
Q

What happens during the atrial filling phase? (atrial diastolic pressure)

A
  • RT atrium fills with blood from inferior/superior vena cava
  • LT atrium fills with blood from pulmonary veins
67
Q

What happens to the heart’s blood flow in relation to ventricular systolic pressure?

A
  • Ejected from LT ventricle → through aortic valve → aorta → rest of body
  • Ejected from RT ventricle → through pulmonary valve → pulmonary trunk → lungs
68
Q

What happens during the ventricular filling phase? (diastolic ventricular pressure — 5 to 7 mmHg)

A

Blood fills ventricles from atria

69
Q

What does the S1 sound represent?

A

Closure of AV valves

70
Q

What does the S2 sound represent?

A

Closure of semilunar valves

71
Q

What does the S3 sound represent?

A

(Abnormal) AV valves open and ventricles rapidly fill with blood

72
Q

What does the S4 sound represent?

A

(Abnormal) Associated with atrial contraction and always pathological

73
Q

What is end diastolic volume?

A

Volume of blood in RT/LT ventricle at end of diastole filling

74
Q

What is end systolic volume?

A

Amount of blood remaining in ventricle after systole end

75
Q

What is cardiac output (CO)?

A

Volume of blood ejected from LT/RT ventricle at end of systole per min

76
Q

What is ejection fraction?

A

Percentage of blood ejected from LT ventricle during systole (55-70 %)

77
Q

What is the atrial contraction period?

A

Contraction of the atria after electrical stimulation

78
Q

What is the isovolumetric period?

A

Ventricular systole starts (all valves close, then ventricular contractions) — blood volume remains constant in ventricles

79
Q

What happens in the ventricular ejection period?

A

Ventricles eject blood to large blood vessels (AV valves are closed)

80
Q

What are the phases in ventricular systole? (2)

A

Isovolumetric contraction, ventricular ejection

81
Q

What is the isovolumetric relaxation period?

A

Aortic and pulmonary valves close (S2 sound) after ventricular pressure drop below diastolic aortic/pulmonary pressures. (beginning of diastole)

82
Q

What is the ventricular filling period?

A

AV valves open and ventricular filling starts

83
Q

What are the phases in the relaxation period? (2)

A

Isovolumetric relaxation, ventricular filling

84
Q

What is stroke volume?

A

Amount of blood ejected per beat

85
Q

What is contractility?

A

Inherent strength of heart’s contraction in systole

86
Q

What is preload?

A

Strength of muscles (which is dependent on amount of blood coming in to RT ventricle) before pumping at end of diastole

87
Q

What is afterload?

A

Resistance heart needs to overcome during/after aortic contraction in order to eject blood from ventricles

88
Q

What are the hormones involved in heart rate regulation? (2)

A

Epinephrine, norepinephrine

89
Q

What are the ions involved in the heart?

A

Sodium, potassium, calcium

90
Q

What is known as the aging pigment?

A

Lipofuscin

91
Q

What happens to the heart as you age? (3)

A

Deposits of lipofuscin; heart muscles degenerate; heart valves thicken/stiffen

92
Q

How is a person’s sex related to the heart?

A

Size of heart and major blood vessels are smaller in females

93
Q

How does physical fitness affect the heart?

A

Muscles can pull O2 from blood easier (reducing need to pump) and reduces stress hormones

94
Q

What are the nerves involved with the heart? (3)

A

Vagus, sympathetic, parasympathetic nerves

95
Q

What is directly related to increasing cardiac output? (2)

A

Increased stroke volume and heart rate

96
Q

What increases your heart rate? (3)

A

The nervous system (📈 sympathetic, 📉 parasympathetic); chemicals; other factors (age, sex, fitness, temperature)

97
Q

What increases stroke volume? (3)

A

Increased preload; increased contractility; decreased afterload

98
Q

What is coronary artery disease and its usual cause?

A

CAD is damage to the major blood vessels of the heart and its usual cause is plaque buildup (atherosclerosis) which limits blood flow (symptoms can vary)

99
Q

What is heart arrhythmia and when does it occur?

A

Improper beating of heart (either too fast aka tachycardia or too slow aka brachycardia) due to electrical impulses not working properly

100
Q

How can heart failure occur?

A

When the heart cannot pump (systolic) or fill (diastolic) properly… most common type is congestive heart failure

101
Q

What are some examples of what happens to your heart valve during heart valve disease? (3)

A

Stenosis: valve narrowing (can’t open right); regurgitation: loose leaflets (can’t close right); prolapse: leaflets stay open

102
Q

What is pericardial disease?

A

The heart’s pericardium inflames, which can cause pericardial friction (chest pain)

103
Q

What is cardiomyopathy and some symptoms?

A

Acquired/hereditary disease of the heart’s muscle. Symptoms include swollen legs/feet, bloated belly, and breathlessness.

104
Q

What is ischemia?

A

Inadequate blood/O2 flow to heart’s tissues

105
Q

What is angina?

A

Chest pain due to ischemia

106
Q

What is myocardia infarction?

A

Heart tissue death due to ischemia

107
Q

What is cardiac tamponade?

A

External pressure on heart (fluid in pericardial sac)

108
Q

What is carditis?

A

Inflammation of the heart

109
Q

What is the purpose of a blood test?

A

Shows muscle damage (troponin, lipid, cardiac enzymes)

110
Q

What is the purpose of an ECG?

A

ECGs tests cardiac electrical activity and detects things like arrhythmias

111
Q

What is the purpose of an echocardiogram (ultrasound)?

A

An echocardiogram checks valves and heart muscle contractions

112
Q

What is a coronary angiogram (catherization)?

A

XRAY that tests for coronary artery blockages

113
Q

What is a CCTA (coronary computed tomography angiogram)?

A

Imaging test that looks at the heart’s arteries

114
Q

What is a coronary angioplasty?

A

A procedure to improve blood flow to the heart

115
Q

What is thrombolytic therapy?

A

Medication preventing clot formation

116
Q

What does an artificial pacemaker surgery do?

A

Replaces SA or AV nodes

Anatomy and Physiology 2 (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions