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Anatomy and Physiology 2 > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the structures of the upper GI? (4)

A
  • Mouth
  • Pharynx
  • Esophagus
  • Stomach
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2
Q

What are the structures of the small intestine (part of the lower GI)? (3)

A
  • Duodenum
  • Jejunum
  • Ileum
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3
Q

What are the structures of the large intestine (part of the lower GI)? (8)

A
  • Cecum
  • Ascending colon
  • Transverse colon
  • Descending colon
  • Sigmoid
  • Rectum
  • Anal canal
  • Anus
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4
Q

What are the accessory organs of the digestive system? (4)

A
  • Salivary glands
  • Liver
  • Gallbladder
  • Pancreas
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5
Q

What are the digestive processes? (6)

A
  • Ingestion
  • Secretion
  • Motility (peristalsisis)
  • Digestion
  • Absorption
  • Defecation
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6
Q

What is ingestion?

A

Taking food into mouth (aka eating)

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7
Q

What is secretion (in the digestive processes)?

A

Cells in the GI tract’s walls and accessory organs release H2O, acid, buffers, and enzymes into the tract’s lumen

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8
Q

What is motility (peristalsis)?

A

Alternating contraction and relaxation of the walls of the GI tract’s smooth muscles that moves food through in a wave-like manner

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9
Q

What is mechanical digestion?

A

Cutting/grinding food by teeth and GI tract movement aiding digestion

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10
Q

What is chemical digestion?

A

Series of catabolic reactions breaking down food macromolecules (carbs, lipids, nucleic acids, proteins) into usable smaller molecules

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11
Q

What is absorption (in the digestive processes)?

A

Passage of digestion’s end products from GI tract into blood/lymph for cell distribution

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12
Q

What is defecation?

A

Elimination of waste, indigestible substances, and bacteria/cells from GI tract

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13
Q

What are the phases of digestion? (3)

A

Cephalic, gastric, intestinal

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14
Q

What happens during the cephalic phase of digestion?

A

The vagus nerve (cranial nerve X) stimulates gastric secretion (from sensory/mental input) before food is even swallowed

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15
Q

What happens during the gastric phase of digestion?

A

Food stretches the stomach, activating myenteric/short and vagovagal/long reflexes
This causes the stomach to release hormones/acids (gastrin + histamine also stimulate)

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16
Q

What is the intestinal phase of digestion?

A

Inhibition of gastric stimulation and stimulation of chyme enters the duodenum

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17
Q

What are the layers of the GI tract? (4)

A

Mucosa (mucous membrane)
Submucosa
Muscular layer
Serosa

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18
Q

What makes up the mucosa layer of the GI tract? (4)

A

Epithelium
Loose connective tissue (lamina propria)
Some smooth muscle
Secretion Glands

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19
Q

What layer of the GI tract does absorption occur?

A

Mucosa

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20
Q

What makes the submucosa layer of the GI tract? (5)

A

Loose connective tissue
Glands
Nerves
Lymphatics
Blood vessels

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21
Q

What are the layers of smooth muscle of the GI tract’s muscular layer? (2)

A

Circular fibers: contract decreases diameter of lumen
Longitudinal fibers: contract shortens length of tube

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22
Q

What is the serosa layer of the GI tract?

A

Visceral peritoneum!
Protects underlying tissues
Secretes serous fluid which lubricates movement

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23
Q

What is the purpose of the gastrointestinal reflex pathways?

A

Regulates GI secretion and motility in response to stimuli in tract

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24
Q

What is the role of parasympathetic nerves (ANS) in the GI tract?

A

Causes increase in GI secretion and motility by increasing activity of enteric nervous system neurons

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25
Q

What is the role of sympathetic nerves (ANS) in the GI tract?

A

Causes a decrease in GI secretion and motility by inhibiting enteric nervous system neurons

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26
Q

What is the submucosal plexus (plexus of Meissner) of the enteric nervous system?

A

A network of neurons regulating movements of the mucosa, blood vessel vasoconstriction, and innervates secretory cells of mucosal glands

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27
Q

What is the myenteric plexus (plexus of Auerbach) of the enteric nervous system?

A

Has fibers from both divisions of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and mostly controls GI tract motility

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28
Q

What is another name for the combination of saliva and chewed food in the digestive system?

A

Bolus

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29
Q

What is another name for the combination of digestive juices and bolus?

A

Chyme

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30
Q

Which part of the GI tract does the absorption of water?

A

Mainly the large intestine (lower GI)

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31
Q

Which accessory organ creates bile?

A

The liver

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32
Q

Which accessory organ stores bile?

A

Galbladder

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33
Q

What does the exocrine gland of the pancreas produce?

A

Enzymes (amylase, lipase, protease)

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34
Q

What does the endocrine gland of the pancreas produce?

A

Hormones (insulin, glucagon)

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35
Q

What is the gingivae?

A

The gums (covers tooth sockets and helps anchor teeth)

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36
Q

Hard vs soft palate of mouth

A

Hard palate (bony) forms most of roof
Soft palate (muscular) forms rest of roof

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37
Q

What is the function of the uvula (located in the mouth)?

A

Prevents swallowed food from entering nasal cavity

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38
Q

What is the oral vestibule?

A

Space between cheeks, lips, gums, and teeth

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39
Q

Frenulums of the mouth (3)

A

Superior labial frenulum attaches superior lip to gum
Lingual frenulum limits movement of the tongue posteriorly
Inferior labial frenulum attaches inferior lip to gum

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40
Q

What part of the mouth forms the floor, manipulates food for chewing/swallowing, shapes food, and senses taste?

A

Tongue

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41
Q

What is the fauces (located in the mouth)?

A

Opening between the oral cavity and oropharynx

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42
Q

What are the salivary glands? (3)

A

Parotid, submandibular, sublingual

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43
Q

What are the types of secretory cells of the salivary glands? (2)

A
  1. Serous: secretes water fluid with amylase (digestive enzyme)
  2. Mucous: secretes mucus which binds food particles and lubricates swallowing
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44
Q

What are the taste areas of the tongue? (4)

A

Bitter, sour, sweet, salty

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45
Q

What is the tongue composed of?

A

Skeletal muscle, mucous membrane

46
Q

What is the tongue’s upper and lateral surfaces covered with?

A

Papillae (some have taste buds)

47
Q

What structure of the mouth cuts, tears, and pulverizes food into smaller particles for swallowing?

A

Teeth

48
Q

What is the function of the lingual glands?

A

Secretes lingual lipase

49
Q

What structure of the mouth serves as receptors for gustation/taste and the presence of food in the mouth?

A

Taste buds

50
Q

What is the function of the intrinsic tongue muscles?

A

They alter the shape of the tongue for swallowing and speech

51
Q

What is the function of extrinsic tongue muscles?

A

Moves tongue from side to side and in and out for mastication, swallowing, and shaping into bolus

52
Q

What is the cavity posterior to the mouth and connects to the esophagus?

A

Pharynx

53
Q

What is the esophagus?

A

Straight collapsible tube pases behind the trachea through mediastinum and then through an opening in the diaphrahm (esophageal hiatus)

54
Q

What is the upper espohageal sphincter made of?

A

Smooth muscle rings around upper esophagus

55
Q

What is the lower esophageal (cardiac) sphincter made of?

A

Smooth muscle rings that allow food into the stomach when contracted (prevents reflux)

56
Q

Do you breathe when swallowing food? (2)

A

No, when you swallow…
The uvula and palate seal off nasal cavity
Epiglottis covers larynx

57
Q

What is gastroesophageal reflux disease?

A

Occurs when lower esophageal sphincter fails to close right after food enters stomach
(Contents of stomach reflux back to esophagus aka heartburn)

58
Q

What structure is J-shaped enlargement of the GI tract that is pouch-like and has a capacity of 1 L?

A

The stomach

59
Q

What are the folds of mucosa and submucosa in the stomach?

A

Rugae

60
Q

What are the parts of the stomach? (4)

A
  • Cardiac region (near esophagus)
  • Fundus (temporary storage… balloons)
  • Body (main part)
  • Pyloris (forms canal and pyloric sphincter, connects to small intestine)
61
Q

What are the functions of the stomach? (2)

A
  • Mixes saliva, food, and gastric juices to make chyme
  • Serves as food reservoir before release into small intestine
62
Q

What are the small openings in the stomach’s mucus membrane?

A

Gastric pits

63
Q

The gastric […] open into the gastric pits

A

Glands

64
Q

What are the secretory cells of the stomach?

A

Mucous (goblet): secretes mucus (thin)
Chief cells: secrete enzymes
Parietal cells: secretes HCl (hydrochloric acid), intrinsic factors (helps B12 absorption)

65
Q

What is the most important digestive enzyme secreted by the chief cells of the stomach?

A

Pepsin (secreted as pepsinogen then becomes pepsin when in contact with HCl)

66
Q

What activates parasympathetic stimulation of the stomach?

A

Thinking/seeing/smelling/tasting food releases ACh (and gastrin) which stimulates gastric glands to make gastric juice

67
Q

What do parietal cells of the stomach produce that are sent to the lumen?

A

Protons (H) that will combine with chlorid molecules from blood to make HCl

68
Q

What slows gastric motility as food moves into the upper small intestine?

A

Cholecystokinin

69
Q

What does the stomach absorb?

A

Small amounts of H2O, salts, alcohol, some drugs

70
Q

What is the largest serous membrane of the body?

A

Peritoneum

71
Q

What gland lies posterior to the stomach?

A

Pancreas

72
Q

What does the pancreas produce that buffers stomach acid?

A

Sodium bicarbonate

73
Q

Where does the pancreas empty its contents?

A

Duodenum

74
Q

What does bile play a role in?

A

Emulsification of fats

75
Q

What is the liver composed of? (3)

A
  • Hepatocytes
  • Bile canaliculi
  • Hepatic sinusoids
76
Q

Where does the majority of digestion and absorption occur?

A

The small intestine

77
Q

What is the purpose of circular folds in the small intestine?

A

Increases surface area for digestion/absorption

78
Q

What absorbs about 90% of nutrients and water that pass through the digestive system?

A

Small intestine

79
Q

What is the function of segmentation in the small intestine?

A

Mixes chyme with digestive juices and brings food into contact with mucosa for absorption via contractions of circular folds

80
Q

What is the function of peristalsis in the small intestine?

A

Propels chyme through small intestine via slow wave-like contractions of the longitudinal muscles (about 3-10 hours)

81
Q

What are the finger-like projections of the mucosa covered with simple columnar epithelium?

A

Villi (rapidly reabsorbs fluid w/ digestive products)

82
Q

Where are enzymes embedded in the mucosa of the intestines?

A

Epithelial cells of the intestinal mucosa
- Breaks down food just before absorption

83
Q

Where are enzymes embedded in the mucosa of the intestines?

A

Epithelial cells of the intestinal mucosa
- Breaks down food just before absorption

84
Q

What happens with too much peristalsis of the small intestine?

A

Diarrhea (peristaltic rush)
- Fluid and electrolytes cannot be absorbed normally

85
Q

What is the cecum?

A

The start of the colon: dilated, pouch-like area that hangs slightly below ileocecal opening

86
Q

What is the “turn” from the ascending colon to the transverse colon called?

A

Hepatic flexure

87
Q

What is the largest and most moveable portion of the colon?

A

Transverse colon

88
Q

What is the “turn” from the transverse colon to the descending colon called?

A

Splenic flexure (because it’s at the spleen)

89
Q

What are the functions of the colon? (4)

A
  • Bacteria converts proteins into amino acids, breaks down those acids, and produces some B vitamins
  • Absorption of some water, ions, and vitamins
  • Formation of feces
  • Defecation
90
Q

What are the haustra?

A

Small pouches caused by sac formation which gives the colon the segmented appearance

91
Q

What is haustral churning?

A

Slow segmenting, uncoordinated movements of the haustra that occur every 25 min
- Walls squeeze contents onward

92
Q

What are the colon’s ways of driving contents into the rectum? (3)

A

Haustral churning, peristalsis, mass peristalsis

93
Q

What is mass peristalsis?

A

Strong peristaltic wave that begins in transverse colon and drives contents into rectum

94
Q

What is the defecation reflex? (3)

A
  • Receptors of rectal wall sense stretching and send impulses to the sacral spinal cord
  • Motor impulses travel down descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, and anus
  • Longitudinal rectal muscles contract and internal anal sphincter opens
95
Q

What is Crohn’s disease?

A

Chronic inflammatory disease (all layers of bowel are inflamed)

96
Q

What is peptic ulcer disease?

A

Mucosa erosion (stress, smoking, drugs, etc are risk factors)

97
Q

What is hiatal hernia?

A

Opening where esophagus penetrates diaphragm (esophageal hiatus) is too big

98
Q

What is Zenker’s diverticulum?

A

Pouch formed at pharyngoesophageal junction

99
Q

What is volvulus?

A

Twisting of the bowel on itself (mostly newborns)

100
Q

What is intussusception?

A

Telescoping of one portion of the bowel into the adjacent part (infants)

101
Q

What is ulcerative colitis?

A

Chronic inflammation of the mucosa of rectum and colon

102
Q

what is Diverticulosis?

A

Multiple Colon out pouches

103
Q

what is Diverticulitis?

A

inflammation and infection of the diverticula causes by fecal blockages

104
Q

What is Cholelithiasis?

A

Accumulation of gallstones

105
Q

What is Cholecystitis?

A

Inflammation of the Gall bladder

106
Q

What is cirrhosis?

A

Irreversible chronic degenerative disease

107
Q

What is hepatitis?

A

Liver inflammation

108
Q

What are hemorrhoids?

A

Varicose, dilated veins in anal canal

109
Q

What are polyps?

A

Precancerous lesions

110
Q

What do the islets of langerhans secrete?

A

These pancreatic cells secrete hormones such as glucagon or insulin

111
Q

Which organ removes bilirubin from the blood, manufactures many of the plasma proteins, and is concerned with the production of clotting factors?

A

Liver

Anatomy and Physiology 2 (8 decks)

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