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Anatomy and Physiology 2 > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two components of the respiratory system? (structurally)

A

Upper, lower

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2
Q

What parts does the upper respiratory system consist of? (4)

A

Nasal cavity, oral cavity, pharynx, larynx (voice box)

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3
Q

What parts does the lower respiratory system? (4)

A

Trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli

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4
Q

What are the two zones of the respiratory system? (functionally)

A
  • Conducting zone: nose to bronchioles
  • Respiratory zone: alveolar duct to alveoli (gas exchange)
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5
Q

What are the external structures of the nose? (4)

A
  • Root (attachment to frontal bone)
  • Apex (tip)
  • Bridge (shaft)
  • Nostrils (openings)
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6
Q

What are the main regions of the nasal cavity? (3)

A
  • Vestibular (defense)
  • Olfactory (smell)
  • Respiratory (humidifier)
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7
Q

What is the nasal septum?

A

Divides nasal cavity into LT and RT sides

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8
Q

What is the vestibular region (vestibule) of the nasal cavity?

A

Region inside nostrils that contains hair w/ sebum to keep hair soft and trap particles

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9
Q

What is the olfactory region of the nasal cavity?

A

On the roof of the cavity to sample air

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10
Q

What is the respiratory region of the nasal cavity?

A
  • Lined with mucosa that humidifies air
  • Has 3 turbinates (superior, middle, inferior conchae)
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11
Q

What are the para-nasal sinuses? (4)

A
  • Air-filled cavities connecting nasal cavity via small passageways
  • Frontal, maxillary, sphenoidal, ethmoidal
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12
Q

What is the purpose of the nasal sinuses? (3)

A
  • Helps to prolong/intensify sound produced w/ voice
  • Lightens weight of head
  • Warms and moisturizes air
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13
Q

Are we born with sinuses?

A

No, they develop as we do (which is why our facial features change)

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14
Q

What is the pharynx (throat)?

A

Hollow muscular structure starting behind the nasal cavity lined with epithelial muscle

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15
Q

What are the three sections of the pharynx?

A

Nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx

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16
Q

What is the nasopharynx? (3)

A
  • Upper most section of the the pharynx
  • Contains the adenoids
  • Passageway into the middle ear (eustachian/auditory tubes)
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17
Q

What is the oropharynx? (3)

A
  • Center section of the pharynx
  • Air, food, and fluid pass
  • Has the palatine tonsils (back) and lingual (under tongue)
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18
Q

What is the laryngopharynx? (3)

A
  • Lowermost section of the pharynx
  • Connects to larynx where air enters trachea
  • Connects to esophagus where food passes to the stomach
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19
Q

What are the larynx cartilages? (6)

A
  • Thyroid
  • Epiglottis
  • Cricoid
  • Arytenoid (pair)
  • Corniculate
  • Cuneiform cartilages
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20
Q

What is the largest cartilage in the larynx?

A

Thyroid (adam’s apple)

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21
Q

What is the purpose of the epiglottis?

A

Prevents food from entering larynx

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22
Q

What is the purpose of the cricoid cartilage in the larynx?

A

Connects larynx and trachea

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23
Q

The vocal cords divide…?

A

The upper from the lower respiratory tract

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24
Q

What are the true vocal cords?

A

Lower folds that produce sound

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25
Q

What is the purpose of the vocal folds?

A
  • Produces high pitches when pulled and low pitches when relaxed (girl… if you don’t know this by now…)
  • Sounds change with movements of pharynx, oral cavity, tongue, and lips
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26
Q

What is laryngitis?

A

Inflammation of the larynx usually caused by respiratory infections/irritants

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27
Q

What type of population can you find cancer of the larynx?

A

Almost exclusive to smokers

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28
Q

What is allergic rhinitis?

A
  • Allergens trigger nasal mucosa to secrete excessive mucous
  • Treat with anti-histamine medication and allergy injections
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29
Q

What are nasal polyps?

A
  • Non-cancerous growths in nasal cavity
  • May be related to chronic inflammation
  • Can be surgically removed if large enough
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30
Q

What is the common cold?

A
  • Also known as coryza
  • Acute inflammation of upper respiratory mucous membranes
  • Prevent with handwashing
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31
Q

What is sinusitis?

A
  • Infection/inflammation of sinuses
  • Pressure, pain, headaches
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32
Q

What is tonsillitis?

A

Inflammation, swelling, and pain in tonsils

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33
Q

What is pharyngitis?

A

Sore throat

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34
Q

What is laryngitis?

A
  • Inflammation of voice box usually due to excessive voice use
  • Hoarseness
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35
Q

What is epistaxis?

A

Nosebleed
- Causes can be unknown, nose picking, dry air, trauma, or foreign body

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36
Q

The trachea (windpipe) is anterior to the…?

A

Esophagus

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37
Q

The trachea extends from the […] to the primary […]

A

Larynx, bronchi

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38
Q

What is the trachea composed of and lined with? (3)

A
  • Smooth muscle, C-shaped rings of cartilage
  • Linked with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
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39
Q

What is the purpose of the cartilage rings in the trachea?

A

Keeps airway open

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40
Q

What is the purpose of the cilia in the trachea?

A

Sweeps debris away from lungs and back to the throat to be swallowed

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41
Q

What is the site of bifurcation in the trachea?

A

Carina

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42
Q

The trachea branches into a RT primary bronchus at…?

A

Superior border of the 5th thoracic vertebra

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43
Q

The primary bronchi convert to…? (4)

A
  • Lobar (secondary) bronchi
  • Segmental (tertiary) bronchi
  • Bronchioles
  • Terminal bronchioles
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44
Q

The mucus membrane changes: (2)

A

Bronchi, terminal bronchioles

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45
Q

Describe bronchi

A

Ciliated pseudostratified epithelium with many goblet cells

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46
Q

Describe terminal bronchioles

A
  • Nonciliated simple cuboidal epithelium
  • No goblet cells, cartilage, cilia, or submucosal glands
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47
Q

The c-rings of the trachea are replaced by […] and eventually […] disappears completely in the […] bronchioles (3)

A
  • Plates of cartilage (in the bronchi)
  • Cartilage
  • Distal
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48
Q

As the amount of cartilage decreases, the amount of smooth muscle…

A

Increases

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49
Q

What are the lungs enclosed and protected by?

A

Pleural membrane

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50
Q

What is in the outer layer of the pleural membrane?

A

Parietal pleura attached to wall of thoracic cavity

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51
Q

What is in the inner layer of the pleural membrane?

A

Visceral layer covering lungs

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52
Q

What the small potential space between the pleurae?

A

Pleural cavity containing serous lubricating fluid secreted by membranes

53
Q

Where do the lungs extend from and lie against? (2)

A
  • Extends from the diaphragm to slightly superior to clavicles
  • Lies against ribs anteriorly and posteriorly
54
Q

What happens in injuries to the chest wall?

A

Allows air to enter intrapleural space (pleural cavity fills up)

55
Q

How many lobes and fissures are in the RT lung?

A

3 lobes separated by 2 fissures

56
Q

How many lobes and fissures are in the LT lung?

A

2 lobes separated by 1 fissure and depression

57
Q

What is the depression on the LT lung?

A

Cardiac notch

58
Q

What bronchi supplies segments of lung tissue called bronchopulmonary segments?

A

Tertiary (segmental)

59
Q

The bronchopulmonary segments consists of lobules containing? (8)

A

Lymphatics, arterioles, venules, terminal/respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts/sacs, alveoli

60
Q

What is the hilum?

A

Root of lungs that connects them to supporting structures and the opening for pulmonary vessels

61
Q

Where does actual gas exchange take place?

A

The alveoli

62
Q

Terminal bronchioles become… (2)

A
  • Alveolar ducts
  • Then alveolar sacs (alveoli)
63
Q

Alveolar have a single layer of…

A

Simple squamous epithelium

64
Q

The respiratory membrane separates…

A

The air in the alveoli from the blood in surrounding capillaries

65
Q

What does the alveolar wall consist of?

A

Pneumocyte type I/II/III cells

66
Q

Pneumocyte type I cells

A
  • Squamous pulmonary epithelial
  • Allows easy gas molecule movement
67
Q

Pneumocyte type II cells

A
  • Septal
  • Secretes alveolar fluid (surfactant) which lowers surface tension of fluid
    • Prevents collapse of alveoli w/ each expiration
68
Q

Pneumocyte type III

A
  • Dust cells
  • Alveolar macrophages ingest foreign particles
69
Q

What are the layers of the alveolus? (4)

A
  • Surfactant layer
  • Tissue layer (alveolar epithelium)
  • Interstitial space
  • Endothelial layer
70
Q

What is the first layer of the alveolus?

A
  • Surfactant layer (liquid) lines alveoli
  • Lowers surface tension in alveoli that would collapse
71
Q

What is the second layer of the alveolus?

A
  • Tissue layer
  • Has all 3 cells (pneumocytes I/II/III)
72
Q

What is the third layer of the alveolus?

A
  • Interstitial
  • Component of alveolar-capillary membrane
73
Q

What is the fourth layer of the alveolus?

A
  • Endothelial layer
  • Capillary endothelial cells
74
Q

What is pulmonary ventilation?

A
  • Process of air flowing into lungs during inspiration/inhalation and out of lungs during expiration/exhalation
  • Breathing
75
Q

What three processes combine for respiration to occur?

A
  • External/pulmonary respiration
  • Internal/systemic respiration
  • Cellular/mitochondrial respiration
76
Q

70% of CO2 in the blood is transported as?

A

Bicarbonate ions (HCO3)

77
Q

23% of CO2 in the blood is carried by hemoglobin inside RBCs as…

A

Carbaminohemoglobin

78
Q

Most of the oxygen in the blood is carried by…

A
  • Hemoglobin
  • Some get dissolved in the plasma
79
Q

What is pulmonary perfusion?

A

Amount of blood reaching lungs (alveoli via capillaries)

80
Q

What is the V/Q ratio used for?

A

Ventilation/perfusion ratio to assess efficiency/adequacy of lungs

81
Q

Why does air flow between the atmosphere and gases inside lungs?

A

Pressure differences

82
Q

What is dead space in the lung?

A

Unfunctional area that does not participate in ventilation

83
Q

At rest, when the diaphragm is relaxed, the alveolar pressure is […] the atmospheric pressure.

A

Equal to (no air flow)

84
Q

When inhaling, what happens to the alveolar and intrapleural pressure?

A
  • Alveolar pressure drops below atmospheric pressure (chest cavity expands)
  • Intrapleural pressure goes down
85
Q

When exhaling, what happens to the alveolar and intrapleural pressures?

A
  • Alveolar pressure rises above atmospheric pressure
  • Intrapleural pressure rises
86
Q

Does atmospheric pressure change during pulmonary ventilation?

A

No, it stays at 760 mmHg

87
Q

What is tidal volume? (TV)

A

The amount of air inhaled during a normal breath

88
Q

What is inspiratory reserve volume? (IRV)

A

Maximal amount of air that can be inhaled above tidal volume (TV)

89
Q

What is expiratory reserve volume? (ERV)

A

Maximal volume of air that can be exhaled from end-expiratory position

90
Q

What is residual volume?

A

Amount of air left in lung at all times

91
Q

What is inspiratory capacity? (IC)

A

Sum of IRV (inspiratory reserve volume) + TV (tidal volume)

92
Q

What is expiratory capacity?

A

Sum of ERV (expiratory reserve volume) + TV (tidal volume)

93
Q

What is vital capacity? (VC)

A

Volume of air breathed out after deepest inhalation

94
Q

What is total lung capacity? (TLC)

A
  • Volume in lungs at maximal inflation
  • Sum of VC (vital capacity) + RV (residual volume)
95
Q

What is surface tension in pulmonary ventilation?

A
  • Inwardly directed force in alveoli which must be overcome to expand lungs during each inspiration
96
Q

What affects surface tension in pulmonary ventilation?

A

Levels of surfactant

97
Q

What is elastic recoil in pulmonary ventilation?

A

Relaxation of inspiratory muscles allowing increased alveolar elastic recoil to decrease volume of alveoli leading to alveolar pressure > atmospheric pressure

98
Q

What is compliance in pulmonary ventilation?

A

How easy it is for lungs and thoracic wall can be expanded

99
Q

What is resistance in pulmonary ventilation?

A
  • Walls of respiratory passageways (bronchi, bronchioles, etc) offer resistance to air flow into lungs
  • More pressure with obstructions
100
Q

What is coughing?

A
  • Long-drawn and deep inhalation followed by closure of rima glottidis
  • Rima glottidis gets forced open when air gets suddenly exhaled
  • Caused by foreign body in larynx/trachea/epiglottis
101
Q

What is sneezing?

A
  • Spasmodic contraction of muscles that forcefullt expels air through nose/mouth
  • May be caused by irritations in nasal mucosa
102
Q

What is sighing?

A

Long-drawn/deep inhalation followed by shorter/forceful exhalation

103
Q

What is yawning?

A

Deep inhalation through widely open mouth
(can be stimulated by drowsiness or someone’s yawning)

104
Q

What is sobbing?

A

Convulsive inhalations followed by single prolonged exhalation
(glottis closes faster after each inhale so little air enters lungs)

105
Q

What is crying?

A

Inhalation followed by short convulsive exhalations
(glottis remains open and vocal folds vibrates)

106
Q

What is laughing?

A

Sam basic movements as crying but facial expressions differ

107
Q

What is hiccuping?

A

Spasmodic contraction of the diaphragm followed by closure of the glottis (makes a sound)
Caused by irritation of sensory nerve endings of digestive canal

108
Q

What is valsalva maneuver?

A

Forced exhalation against closed glottis (like when straining or… defecating)

109
Q

What is the affinity of hemoglobin affected by? (4)

A
  • Temperature
  • Hydrogen ions (pH)
  • Intraerthocytic 2,3-DPG (salt that dissociated Hb from O2)
  • Hype of Hb (fetal hemoglobin has higher O2 binding affinity than maternal hemoglobin)
110
Q

Where are the respiratory control centers in the brain stem?

A
  • Pons respiratory center
  • Medullary respiratory center
111
Q

What controls voluntary respiration?

A

Motor cortex in cerebral cortex (can be overriden by involuntary– chemoreceptor stimulus, hypothalamus stress response)
Need conscious control to avoid inhaling noxious gases or water

112
Q

Centers of this work together to control breath rate

A

Pons

113
Q

What sends signals to the muscles that intiate inspiration/expiration and controls non-respiratory air movement reflexes?

A

Medulla

114
Q

What is the purpose of the ventral respiratory group?

A

Controls voluntary forced exhalation and increases force of inspiration

115
Q

What is the purpose of the dorsal respiratory group?

A

Controls inspiratory movement and timing

116
Q

What detects levels of O2 and CO2?

A

Central (medulla) and peripheral (systemic arteries) chemoreceptors
- Aortic bodies in aortic arch branches detect CO2 levels
- Carotid bodies sense CO2 levels

117
Q

What is the purpose of proprioceptors of joints and muscles?

A

Activates dorsal respirtoary group to increase ventilation

118
Q

What is the purpose of the inflation reflex?

A

Detects lung expansion with stretch receptors and limits it depending on need or prevention of damage

119
Q

How does aging impact the respiratory system?

A

Decreased…
- Vital capacity
- Blood O2 level
- Alveolar macrophage activity
- Ciliary action of respiratory epithelia

120
Q

What is dyspnea?

A

Feeling of uncomfortable breathing or short of breath

121
Q

What is hemoptysis?

A

Coughing up blood or bloody secretions

122
Q

What is hypercapnia?

A

Increased CO2 in blood

123
Q

Hypoventilation vs hyperventilation

A
  • Hypoventilation (inadequate ventilation) leads to respiratory acidosis from hypercapnia
  • Hyperventilation (too much ventilation) leads to respiratory alkalosis from hypocapnia
124
Q

What is cyanosis?

A

Blue discoloration of skin and mucous membranes (desaturated hemoglobin)

125
Q

What is emphysema?

A

Destruction of alveolar walls and loss of lung elastic coil

126
Q

What is pneumonia?

A

Inflammation of lung due to infections (fluid in alveoli)

127
Q

What is respiratory distress syndrome?

A

Premature fetal delivery, surfactant in lungs hasn’t developed and alveoli needs to be forced open

128
Q

What is flail chest?

A

Segment of chest wall breaks under extreme stress and detaches from wall (lung bruising)

Anatomy and Physiology 2 (8 decks)

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