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Anatomy and Physiology 2 > Blood Vessels & Compossition > Flashcards

Blood Vessels & Compossition Flashcards

1
Q

What is tunica interna (or intima)?

A

Innermost layer of the blood vessel and adjacent to lumen (space inside)

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2
Q

What is tunica media?

A

Middle layer of blood vessel made of smooth muscle and elastic fibers (threads of protein)

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3
Q

What is tunica externa (or adventitia)?

A

Outermost layer adjacent to surrounding tissue

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4
Q

Does the exchange of nutrients and gases normally happen at the level of arteries/veins?

A

No, but they can exchange in the capillaries

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5
Q

What are arteries?

A

Medium/large vessels branching from the aorta

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6
Q

What are arterioles?

A

Arteries divide into smaller vessels called arterioles

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7
Q

What are capillaries?

A

Arterioles feed into smaller capillaries that form capillary beds in the body’s tissues. They allow O2/nutrients to go into the cell and CO2/waste to be removed.

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8
Q

What are venules?

A

Blood journeys from capillaries to small vessels called venules (the smallest veins)

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9
Q

What are veins?

A

Venules combine into veins and eventually become the inferior/superior vena cava that empties into the heart.

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10
Q

Arteries carry oxygenated or deoxygenated blood from the heart to the tissues?

A

Oxygenated

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11
Q

Arterial walls are…?

A

Elastic allowing them to absorb pressure created by the ventricles pumping

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12
Q

The smooth muscles in the arteries’ tunic media allow arteries to regulate…?

A

Arteries can regulate their diameter

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13
Q

What are the types of arteries? (2)

A

Elastic, muscular

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14
Q

Elastic arteries function as…?

A

Pressure reservoirs

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15
Q

What are some characteristics of elastic arteries (aka conducting arteries)? (4)

A
  • Large diameter (aorta)
  • More elastic fibers, less smooth muscle (hence the name)
  • Tunica media is thick and has many elastic fibers
  • Well-defined external elastic membrane
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16
Q

What are some characteristics of muscular arteries (aka distributing arteries)? (5)

A
  • Medium diameter
  • More smooth muscle, less elastic fibers
  • Distributes blood to various parts of body
  • Thick tunica media dominated by smooth muscle
  • Thin external elastic membrane
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17
Q

What is anastomosis of arteries?

A

When 2 or more arterial branches supplying the same region of body join together creating an alternate blood route

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18
Q

When can anastomosis not occur in arteries supplying the same region?

A

If an end artery is blocked (necrosis can occur to that region)

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19
Q

What do capillaries connect together?

A

Arterioles and venules

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20
Q

Capillary walls are composed of…? (2)

A

Single layer of cells (endothelium) + basement membrane

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21
Q

Because capillary walls are thin, what can capillaries do?

A

Capillaries allow the exchange of nutrients and waste between blood and tissue cells

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22
Q

What is the precapillary sphincter?

A

It is a mechanism that allows a certain amount of blood and nutrients to enter the diffusion area

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23
Q

What does the precapillary sphincter have the ability to do? (2)

A
  • Equalize pressure and RBC flux
  • Protect downstream capillaries and brain tissue against adverse blood pressure
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24
Q

What are continuous capillaries?

A

Least permeable capillary only allowing small solutes to pass through

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25
Q

Continuous capillaries support which parts of the body? (5)

A

Brain, endocrine system, kidneys, lungs, small intestines

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26
Q

What are fenestrated capillaries?

A

Tiny blood vessels with small pores (windows)

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27
Q

What is the function of the fenestrated capillaries’ small pores?

A

Increases flow of nutrients, waste, and other substances from capillaries to surrounding organs

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28
Q

What are sinusoid capillaries?

A

A special type of capillary with a wide diameter

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29
Q

Where can you find sinusoid capillaries? (5)

A

Liver, spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow, endocrine glands

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30
Q

Sinusoid capillaries can also be…?

A

Continuous, fenestrated, or discontinuous

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31
Q

How are venules formed?

A

The union of several capillaries

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32
Q

Venules drain blood from…?

A

Capillaries into veins

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33
Q

What are the types of venules? (2)

A

Postcapillary, muscular

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34
Q

What are the main functions of postcapillary venules? (3)

A
  • Pass blood into muscular venules
  • Permit the exchange of nutrients/wastes between blood and interstitial fluid
  • Function in white blood cell emigration
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35
Q

Which are larger in diameter: postcapillary or muscular venules?

A

Muscular venules

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36
Q

Which layers can you find postcapillary or muscular venules? (2)

A

Endothelium, basement membrane

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37
Q

What are the main functions of muscular venules? (2)

A
  • Pass blood into veins
  • Act as reservoirs for accumulating large volumes of blood (with postcapillary venules)
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38
Q

How are veins formed?

A

The union of several venules

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39
Q

How do veins’ layer thickness vary when compared to arteries?

A

Veins have a thinner tunica interna/media and a thicker tunica externa

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40
Q

Veins have more or less elastic tissue and smooth muscles than arteries?

A

Less elastic tissue and smooth muscle

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41
Q

What is another name for the large portion of blood in systemic veins/venules at rest?

A

Blood reservoirs

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42
Q

Do veins have valves?

A

Yes

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43
Q

What is the role of pulmonary veins?

A

They transport oxygenated blood by the lungs to the heart

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44
Q

What is the cause of varicose veins?

A

Increased blood pressure in the veins

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45
Q

What happens if the veins’ valves become weak or damaged?

A

Blood collects in the veins (varicose)

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46
Q

What is the appearance of varicose veins?

A

Veins are dilated and twisted

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47
Q

What are spider veins?

A

Dilated venules close to the skin, especially in lower limbs and face (they look like webs)

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48
Q

How do substances cross capillary walls? (3)

A

Diffusion, transcytosis, bulk flow

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49
Q

What are some examples of substances that can cross capillary walls via simple diffusion? (5)

A

O2, CO2, glucose, amino acids, some hormones

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50
Q

What is transcytosis?

A

The process of large, lipid-insoluble molecules (e.g. insulin) crossing capillary walls in vesicles

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51
Q

What is bulk flow?

A

A passive process when large numbers of ions, molecules, or particles move together in the same direction

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52
Q

Bulk flow occurs from what to what pressure?

A

Higher pressure to lower pressure (continues as long as pressure difference exists)

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53
Q

Bulk flow regulates..?

A

Relative volumes of blood and interstitial fluid

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54
Q

What is filtration?

A

The pressure-driven movement of fluid/solutes from blood capillaries into interstitial fluid

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55
Q

hich types of pressure promote filtration? (2)

A

Blood hydrostatic (BHP), interstitial fluid osmotic (IFOP)

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56
Q

What is reabsorption?

A

The pressure driven-movement of fluid/solutes from the interstitial fluid into blood capillaries

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57
Q

What types of pressure promote reabsorption?

A

Interstitial fluid hydrostatic (IFHP), blood colloid osmotic (BCOP)

58
Q

How do you calculate the net filtration pressure (NFP)?

A

Pressures promoting filtration minus pressures promoting reabsorption [(BHP+IFOP)-(BCOP+IFHP)]

59
Q

What are the factors affecting blood flow? (7)

A

Cardiac output (CO), mean arterial pressure, blood volume, vascular resistance, vasocontraction, blood viscosity, venous return

60
Q

What is blood flow?

A

Volume of blood that flows through any tissue in a given time period (mL/min)

61
Q

What are two ways to calculate cardiac output?

A
  • Heart rate (HR) * stroke volume (SV)
  • Mean arterial pressure (MAP) / resistance (R)
62
Q

What is the mean arterial pressure?

A

Average arterial pressure throughout the body after it leaves LT ventricle until it enters RT atrium

63
Q

What is blood volume?

A

Amount of blood circulating blood vessels at any given time

64
Q

What is vascular resistance?

A

Force exerted on blood vessel wall

65
Q

What is vasoconstriction?

A
  • Narrowing of lumen (space) of blood vessel
  • ⬆️ vasoconstriction = ⬆️ resistance
66
Q

What is blood viscosity?

A
  • Thickness of blood
  • ⬆️ viscosity = ⬆️ resistance
67
Q

What is venous return?

A

Amount of blood returns to RT atrium

68
Q

What are some factors that increase venous return? (4)

A

Increased blood volume, skeletal muscle and respiratory pumps, vasoconstriction

69
Q

What increases mean arterial pressure (MAP)?

A

Increased cardiac output (CO), increased systemic vascular resistance (SVR)

70
Q

What is the signal pathway of neg. feedback regulation of blood pressure? (3)

A
  • Baroreceptors detect if BP is too high or low
  • Baroreceptors send a signal to the hypothalamus
  • The hypothalamus sends a message to the heart, blood vessels, and kidneys (effectors in BP regulation)
71
Q

What is the role of the medulla oblongata?

A

The cardiovascular center (group of neurons regulating HR, contractility, and blood vessel diameter)

72
Q

What are baroreceptors?

A
  • Pressure-sensitive sensory neurons monitoring blood vessel and atrial wall stretching
73
Q

What are the effects of norepinephrine and epinephrine?

A
  • Increases BP (HR, contractility)
74
Q

What are the effects of angiotensin II, antidiuretic hormone (ADH — increases H2O reabsorption), and norepinephrine/epinephrine?

A
  • Increases BP (vasoconstriction aka narrowing of vessel)
75
Q

What are the effects of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), epinephrine, and nitric oxide?

A
  • Decreases BP (vasodilation aka widening of vessel)
76
Q

What are the effects of aldosterone (increases Na reabsorption) and antidiuretic hormone?

A
  • Increases BP (blood volume increase)
77
Q

What are the effects of atrial natriuretic peptide?

A
  • Decreases BP (blood volume decrease)
78
Q

What is the autoregulation of BP? (2)

A
  • A regulatory mechanism allowing blood flow in a vascular bed to remain constant during variations of arterial pressure
  • Ability of a tissue to automatically adjust blood flow to match metabolic need for delivery of O2/nutrients + removal of waste
79
Q

Where is the superficial temporal artery?

A

Medial to ear

80
Q

Where is the facial artery?

A
  • Mandible (lower jawbone) in line with corners of mouth
81
Q

Where is the common carotid artery?

A

Lateral to larynx (voice box)

82
Q

Where is the brachial artery?

A

Medial side of biceps brachii muscle

83
Q

Where is the femoral artery?

A
  • Inferior to inguinal ligament
84
Q

Where is the popliteal artery?

A
  • Posterior aspect of knee
85
Q

Where is the radial artery?

A
  • Lateral aspect of wrist
86
Q

Where is the dorsalis pedis artery?

A
  • Superior to instep of foot
87
Q

What is hypertension defined as?

A
  • BP over 140/90 (Dystolic/Systolic) and is severe if over (180/120)
88
Q

What happens if hypertension is left untreated? (2)

A

Usually has no symptoms but can lead do heart disease and stroke

89
Q

What actions can you do to help lower BP? (5)

A

Healthy diet (less Na), quit smoking, manage stress, exercise, medications

90
Q

What is shock and what does it lead to?

A

Inadequate CO resulting in cardiovascular system not able to meet metabolic demands of body’s cells (hypotension)

91
Q

What are the types of shock? (5)

A
  • Neurogenic (psychological — trauma)
  • Hypovolemic (low blood volume — hemorrhage)
  • Cardiogenic (cardiac dysfunction — myocardial infarction)
  • Obstructive (blood vessel blockages — blood clots)
  • Vascular (blood vessel disorders — vasoconstriction)
  • New Hampshire Can’t Outlaw Vampires (kinda stupid but it’s what i just thought of)
92
Q

What are the signs/symptoms of shock? (8)

A

Clammy/cool skin, tachycardia, weak/rapid pulse, sweating, hypotension, altered mental status, less urinary output, thirst

93
Q

What are the homeostatic responses to shock? (4)

A
  • Activation of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (increases H2O reabsorption and increases blood volume — higher BP)
  • Secretion of antidiuretic hormone (causes vessel constriction — higher BP)
  • Activation of sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system (increases HR — higher BP)
  • Release of local vasodilators (opens vessels back up)
94
Q

What is systemic circulation?

A

Blood flow within body and the exchange of nutrients/gases between capillaries and tissue

95
Q

What is pulmonary circulation?

A

Blood circulating in lungs and the exchange of nutrients/gases between the pulmonary capillaries and alveoli

96
Q

What is hepatic portal circulation?

A
  • Portal vein drains almost all blood from GI tract and empties into liver
  • Hepatic vein picks up filtered blood from liver and drains it back into the inferior VC
97
Q

What vessels branch off the aortic arch? (3)

A

Brachiocephalic trunk, LT common carotid artery, LT subclavian artery

98
Q

Where does the brachiocephalic trunk feed into?

A

RT head and arm

99
Q

The LT common carotid artery splits into…?

A

External and internal carotid arteries (feeds blood to LT side of head)

100
Q

The brachiocephalic trunk splits into…?

A

RT common carotid artery (has external + internal carotid arteries), RT subclavian

101
Q

The descending aorta is also called?

A

The thoracic aorta and then the abdominal aorta

102
Q

At the pelvis, the aorta splits to form…?

A

LT and RT common iliac arteries

103
Q

The subclavian artery becomes the […] as it descends into the armpit

A

Axillary artery

104
Q

The […] artery continues down the medial aspect of the humerus

A
  • Brachial
105
Q

What arteries does the brachial artery split into?

A

Radial, ulnar arteries

106
Q

What blood vessel do you work with when taking blood pressure?

A

Brachial artery

107
Q

The […] branches to form the common interosseous artery

A

Ulnar

108
Q

The ulnar branches to form the […] artery

A

Interosseous

109
Q

The radial and ulnar join and form the […]?

A

Deep and superficial palmar arches

110
Q

What do the radial and ulnar arteries branch into? (4)

A
  • Superficial, middle, and deep palmar arches
  • Digital arteries
111
Q

The descending aorta branches into the…?

A

Posterior intercostal arteries

112
Q

The internal thoracic artery branches into the…?

A
  • Anterior intercostal arteries
113
Q

The internal thoracic artery is a branch off the…?

A

Subclavian

114
Q

What arteries branch from the subclavian arteries and ascend medially?

A

The vertebral arteries

115
Q

The LT and RT vertebral arteries merge to form what artery?

A

Basilar artery

116
Q

The common carotid arteries split to form what arteries?

A

Internal and external arteries

117
Q

The external carotid arteries supply…?

A
  • The head (except for brain and orbits)
118
Q

Branches of the external carotid artery include? (2)

A

Maxillary and facial artery

119
Q

The internal carotid supply blood to? (2)

A

The orbits (via the ophthalmic artery) and brain

120
Q

What arteries are the circle of Willis formed of? (3)

A

Anterior communicating, RT posterior communicating, LT posterior communicating artery

121
Q

The circle of Willis is fed by? (2)

A

Internal carotid arteries and vertebral arteries via the basilar artery

122
Q

What is the largest branch and 2nd terminal branch of the internal carotid artery?

A

Middle cerebral artery

123
Q

What are the three major, unpaired arteries branching off to the left of the abdominal aorta?

A
  • Celiac trunk (most superior)
  • Superior mesenteric artery (middle)
  • Inferior mesenteric artery (most inferior)
124
Q

What are the branches of the celiac trunk? (3)

A
  • Common hepatic artery
  • Splenic artery
  • LT gastric arteries
125
Q

Where does the celiac trunk provide blood to?

A
  • Upper gastrointestinal system
126
Q

The superior mesenteric artery supplies blood to…? (2)

A

Small intestine, most of large intestine (think the top parts)

127
Q

What is the mesentery?

A

Membrane that holds intestine in place (or it will drop down) and it has arteries on it that supplies intestine

128
Q

The inferior mesenteric artery supplies blood to…?

A
  • Distal portion of large intestine
129
Q

The ileocolic artery supplies blood to…? (3)

A
  • Distal ileum, cecum, and proximal ascending colon
130
Q

What are the smaller branches of the abdominal aorta? (2)

A
  • Renal and gonadal arteries
131
Q

What is the gonadal artery?

A

Provides blood to the gonads

132
Q

At level L4, the abdominal aorta divides into the LT and RT…

A
  • Common iliac arteries
133
Q

The external iliac arteries passes under the […] ligament and becomes the [……] artery

A
  • Inguinal, femoral
134
Q

Each common iliac artery divides into…

A

An external and internal iliac artery

135
Q

The internal iliac artery supplies…

A
  • Walls and organs of pelvis
136
Q

The external iliac artery supplies…

A
  • Lower limbs
137
Q

As it enters the thigh, the external iliac artery becomes which artery?

A
  • Femoral artery
138
Q

Branches of the femoral artery include…? (4)

A

Popliteal artery, anterior and posterior tibial arteries, and fibular artery

139
Q

When the femoral artery enters the popliteal fossa, it becomes the…?

A

Popliteal artery

140
Q

The popliteal artery divides into the…? (2)

A

Anterior tibial artery, posterior tibial artery

141
Q

The anterior tibial artery branches into the…?

A

Dorsalis pedis artery (you can feel pulse on foot dorsum)

142
Q

What artery is the source of the pulse on your inner malleolus (bump on ankle)?

A

Posterior tibial artery

Anatomy and Physiology 2 (8 decks)

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