The Gut Tube

Question 1

how many constrictions does the oesophagus have and what are they?

Answer 1

1) cervical
2) thoracic
3) diaphragmatic

Question 2

what structures transverse through the oesophageal hiatus?

Answer 2

oesophagus
vagus nerve
lymphatics from liver
left gastric artery

Question 3

what is the arterial blood supply of the oesophagus?

Answer 3

branches of the left gastric artery

left gastric artery is a branch of SMA

Question 4

what is the venous drainage of the oesophagus?

Answer 4

left gastric vein

Question 5

what is the lymphatic drainage of the oesophagus?

Answer 5

left gastric lymphatic group which drains into the celiac group.

Question 6

the lower end of the oesophagus is one of the important sites for what ?

Answer 6

oesophageal varices

Question 7

what are the 2 orifices of the stomach?

Answer 7

cardia

pyloric

Question 8

what is the pyloric sphincter formed by?

Answer 8

thickening of the muscularis externa

Question 9

what are the gastric folds in the stomach called and what are they formed from?

Answer 9

gastric rug

gastric mucosa

Question 10

how many groups of lymph nodes is the stomach drained by and what are they?

Answer 10

4 groups
superior gastric group
pancreatic group
suprasplenic group
inferior gastric group

Question 11

the 4 groups of lymph nodes which drain the stomach drain into which group of lymph nodes?

Answer 11

celiac lymph nodes

Question 12

what is the main nerve involved in gastric motility and secretion?

Answer 12

vagus nerve

Question 13

how are the different parts of the small intestine peritonised?

Answer 13

duodenum, jejunum and ileum all retroperitoneal

Question 14

out of the jejunum and ileum, which one contains longer vast recta?

Answer 14

jejunum

Question 15

out of the jejunum and ileum , which one has more fat in its mesentery?

Answer 15

ileum

Question 16

what is the difference in colour between the jejunum and ileum?

Answer 16

jejunum is darker pink/red

ileum is paler pink

Question 17

in which part of the small intestine (jejunum or ileum) do the arterial arcades have many small loops?

Answer 17

ileum

Question 18

how can the large intestine be distinguished from the small intestine?

Answer 18

no villi
haustra / sacculations
teniae coli
omental appendiges

Question 19

what are omental appendages?

Answer 19

small pouches of peritoneum filled with fat which is attached to the colon

Question 20

the omental appendages are found on the large intestine, except from where?

Answer 20

the rectum

Question 21

in which abdominal region is the right kidney located?

Answer 21

the right lumbar

Question 22

what is mcburneys point and why is it useful?

Answer 22

the commonest location of the base of the appendix

it is the sit of most tenderness in acute appendicitis

Question 23

what is the arterial supply of the rectum and anal canal?

Answer 23

superior 1/3 = superior rectal artery
middle 1/3 = middle rectal artery
inferior 1/3 = inferior rectal artery

Question 24

what is the venous drainage of the rectum and anal canal?

Answer 24

superior, middle and lower rectal veins

Question 25

how is the superior 1/3 of the rectum and anal canal peritonised?

Answer 25

retroperitonised | anterior lateral

Question 26

how is the middle and the lower 1/3 of the rectum and anal canal peritonised?

Answer 26

middle 1/3 = retroperitonised | lower 1/3 = subperitonised

Question 27

what structures are involved in faecal continence?

Answer 27

internal and external anal sphincters | pelvic floor

Question 28

from left to right, what is the order of the vessels which supply the anal canal?

Answer 28

nerves, artery, vein, lymphatics

Question 29

what is the pectinate line?

Answer 29

divides the upper 2/3rds from the lower 1/3rd of the anal canal

Question 30

what is the change in nerve supply from above the pectinate line to below the pectinate line?

Answer 30

goes from visceral motor and sensory innervation (autonomic) to somatic motor and sensory innervation

Question 31

what is the difference in the drainage of lymph from above the pectinate line to below the pectinate line?

Answer 31

above - drains to the internal iliac lymph nodes | below- drains to the superficial inguinal lymph nodes

Question 32

what structure is found at the free edge of the falciform ligament in the liver?

Answer 32

the round ligament

Question 33

what is the round ligament a remnant of?

Answer 33

the umbilical vein

Question 34

what is the name for the space between the colon and the abdominal walls laterally ?

Answer 34

paracolic gutters

Question 35

what is the clinical significance of the paracolic gutters?

Answer 35

when there is an infection which causes fluid in the abdomen, the fluid will fill up in these gutters

Question 36

what 3 abdominal organs lie in the mesentery?

Answer 36

the small intestine the appendix the transverse colon

Question 37

in what layer of the oesophagus is the skeletal muscle found?

Answer 37

the upper 1/3 of the muscularis externa

Question 38

what secretory cells are present in gastric pits?

Answer 38

mucous neck cells parietal cells chief cells