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W/Anatomy final > The gastrointestinal tract (up to the stomach) > Flashcards

The gastrointestinal tract (up to the stomach) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the posterior border of the oral cavity proper?

A

The isthmus of fauces

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2
Q

What constitutes the floor of the oral cavity?

A

The mylohyoid muscles and the geniohyoid muscles

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3
Q

What’s the lateral border of the oral cavity? (2)

A

Buccinator muscle and bichat’s fat pad

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4
Q

What is the covering of the external part of the lip?

A

stratified squamous keratinized hairy epithelium

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5
Q

What is the covering of the internal part of the lip?

A

stratified squamous non keratinized epithelium

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6
Q

What is the name of the border between the 2 part of the lip?

A

Vermilion border

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7
Q

What is the epithelium of the tongue?

A

stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium

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8
Q

What is the V-shaped line at the back of the tongue?

A

Terminal sulcus

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9
Q

What papillae can we find at the front of the terminal sulcus?

A

Circumvilate papillae

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10
Q

What can we find in the middle of the terminal sulcus?

A

foramen caecum

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11
Q

What is the foramen caecum a remnant of?

A

a remnant of the thyroglossal duct

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12
Q

What is the valleculae?

A

Area between the lateral and median glossoepiglottic folds

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13
Q

What are the 4 types of papillae found on the tongue?

A
  • Filiform
  • Circumvalate
  • Fungiform
  • Foliate
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14
Q

Where can we find foliate papillae?

A

On the sides of the tongue

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15
Q

Where are fungiform papillae most present?

A

At the apex and sides of the tongue

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16
Q

Which papillae have taste buds?

A

Fungiform and foliate

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17
Q

What is the main role of the genioglossus?

A

Protracting the tongue (out of the oral cavity)

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18
Q

What are the 4 extrinsic muscles of the tongue?

A

Genioglossus, hyoglossus, palatoglossus, styloglossus

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19
Q

What is the innervation of the extrinsic muscles of the tongue?

A

All by hypoglossal nerve (XII) except palatoglossus which is the pharyngeal plexus (IX and X)

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20
Q

What is the innervation of the intrinsic muscles of the tongue?

A

They are all innervated by the hypoglossal nerve XII

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21
Q

What are the 4 intrinsic muscles of the tongue?

A

Superior longitudinal, inferior longitudinal, transverse and verticalis

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22
Q

What is the general sensory innervation of the tongue?

A

anterior 2/3 : lingual nerve branch of V3

posterior 1/3 : glossopharyngeal nerve IX

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23
Q

What is the taste sensation innervation of the tongue?

A

Anterior 2/3 : chorda tympani

Posterior 1/3 : glossopharyngeal nerve

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24
Q

What innervates the tongue from its base to the epiglottis?

A

vagus nerve

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25
Q

What are the 3 branches of the lingual artery that supply the tongue?

A

Dorsal lingual (also for palatine tonsils), deep lingual, and sublingual arteries (also for sublingual glands)

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26
Q

What is the superior border of the pirigoff triangle?

A

The hypoglossal nerve

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27
Q

What is the posterior border of the beclard triangle?

A

free margin of hyoglossus muscle

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28
Q

What are the 3 borders of the lateral sulcus of the tongue?

A

Medial : hyoglossus
Lateral : myloglossus
superior : sublingual membrane

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29
Q

What are the 4 contents of the lateral lingual sulcus?

A
  • lingual nerve
  • submandibular duct / wharton duct
  • hypoglossal nerve
  • sublingual gland
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30
Q

What are the 2 borders of the medial lingual sulcus?

A

medial : genioglossus

lateral : hyoglossus

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31
Q

What are the 2 contents of the medial lingual sulcus?

A
  • lingual artery

- glossopharyngeal nerve IX

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32
Q

What does the incisive fossa (on the hard palate) contain?

A

Nasopalatine nerves (of scarpa)

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33
Q

What are the 5 muscles of the soft palate?

A
  1. tensor veli palatini
  2. levator veli palatini
  3. palatoglossus
  4. palatopharyngeus
  5. musculos uvulae
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34
Q

What does the palatoglossus muscle do?

A

it closes the isthmus of fauces by elevating the posterior part of the tongue

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35
Q

What does the palatopharyngeus do?

A

It pulls the walls of pharynx during swallowing

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36
Q

What is the innervation of the muscles of the soft palate?

A

Pharyngeal plexus (IX and X) except tensor veli palatini which is innervated by V3

37
Q

What are the 3 branches that supply the palate?

A

Greater palatine artery
Descending palatine artery (from maxillary)
Anastomosis of lesser palatine artery and ascending palatine artery (from lingual)

38
Q

What are the 4 constituent of Waldeyer’s lymphatic ring?

A

Pharyngeal tonsil
Tubal tonsils (2)
Palatine tonsils (2)
Lingual tonsil

39
Q

How many primary / deciduous teeth do humans have?

A

20

40
Q

How many permanent teeth do humans have?

A

32

41
Q

What are Tomes fibers?

A

odontoblastic processes in the dental canaliculi

42
Q

What is the periondontal ligament?

A

Springy suspension of teeth in the bony alveoli

43
Q

What is the human teeth formula?

A

2 incisors, 1 canine, 2 premolars, 3 molars (in each quadrant)

44
Q

What type of gland is the parotid gland?

A

Pure serous gland

45
Q

What is the name of the parotid duct?

A

Stensen’s duct

46
Q

Which muscle does the parotid duct pierce through?

A

Buccinator muscle

47
Q

Where does the parotid duct open?

A

It opens behind the 2nd maxillary molar

48
Q

What 4 things can we find embedded in the parotid gland?

A
  • parotid plexus of facial nerve branches
  • external carotid artery
  • retromandibular vein
  • auriculotemporal nerve (CN3)
49
Q

What is the name of the duct of the submandibular duct?

A

Wharton’s duct

50
Q

Which artery supplies the submandibular gland?

A

the submental artery

51
Q

Which arteries supply the sublingual gland?

A

the sublingual artery and the submental artery

52
Q

What are the 3 structures that make up the anterior border of the parotid nest?

A
  • masseter
  • mandible
  • medial pterygoid
53
Q

What are the 2 structures that make up the posterior border of the parotid nest?

A

SCM and posterior belly of digastric

54
Q

What are the 3 structures that make up the medial border of the parotid nest?

A

stylohyoid, stylopharyngeus, styloglossus

55
Q

What are the 3 parts of the pharynx?

A

Nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx

56
Q

At which level does the pharynx become the oesophagus?

A

At the level of C6

57
Q

What is the pharyngobasilar fascia?

A

A fibrous covering of the pharynx until the superior pharyngeal constrictor

58
Q

What is the ridge caused by the auditory tube in the nasopharynx?

A

Torus tubarius

59
Q

What can we find posterior and inferior to torus tubarius?

A

salpingopharyngeal fold (and muscle)

60
Q

What can we find anterior to torus tubarius?

A

salpingopalatine fold

61
Q

What can be found under the eustachian tube in the nasopharynx?

A

torus levatorius, covering levator veli palatini

62
Q

Between which 2 structures are the palatine tonsils located?

A

Between the palatoglossal arch and the palatopharyngeal arch

63
Q

What are the 4 parts of the superior pharyngeal constrictor?

A
  • pterygopharyngeal part
  • buccopharyngeal part
  • mylopharyngeal part
  • glossopharyngeal part
64
Q

What are the 2 parts of the middle pharyngeal constrictor?

A
  • chondropharyngeal part

- ceratopharyngeal part

65
Q

What are the 2 parts of the inferior pharyngeal constrictor?

A
  • Tyropharyngeal part

- cricopharyngeal part

66
Q

What are the 3 elevators of pharynx?

A
  1. stylopharyngeus
  2. Palatopharyngeus
  3. Salpingopharyngeal muscle
67
Q

What is the motor nerve supply of the pharynx?

A

10 and 11 for all muscles

except stylopharyngeus, superior constrictor and upper half of middle constrictor which are 9

68
Q

What is the sensory nerve supply of 3 parts of the pharynx?

A

nasopharynx : maxillary nerve
oropharynx : glossopharyngeal nerve
laryngopharynx : vagus

69
Q

What are the 2 layers of muscle in the oesophagus?

A

Internal circular and external longitudinal

70
Q

What type of muscle fibers can we find in each 1/3 of the oesophagus?

A

Upper 1/3 : striated
Middle 1/3 : mixed smooth and striated
Lower 1/3 : smooth

71
Q

Where can we find the cervical constriction of the oesophagus?

A

At C5 level, at the pharyngoeosophagial junction

72
Q

What causes the cervical constriction of the oesophagus?

A

the cricoid cartilage

73
Q

What is the upper oesophagial sphincter?

A

the cricopharyngeous part of the lower constrictor of pharynx

74
Q

What structures cause the thoracic constriction of the oesophagus?

A

The arch of the aorta and the left main bronchus

75
Q

At what level do we find the diaphragmatic constriction of the oesophagus?

A

T10 level

76
Q

What is the role of the phrenicoesophagial ligament?

A

It attaches the oesophagus to the oesophagial hiatus in the diaphragm, forming the LES

77
Q

What structures causes the diaphragmatic constriction of the oesophagus?

A

The right crus of diaphragm

78
Q

What is the Laimer trigone?

A

a triangular area posterior on the oesophagus that is weaker due to absence of the outer longitudinal layer.

79
Q

What is the risk of the Laimer trigone?

A

Herniation of pharyngeal or oesophageal mucosa called Zenker’s diverticulum

80
Q

At what level does the oesophagus terminate?

A

At T11, or at the level of the 7th costal cartilage

81
Q

What is the Z-line?

A

The change from oesophageal (squamous strat nonK) epithelium to gastric (simple columnar, glandular) epithelium

82
Q

What is the arterial supply of the cervical part of the oesophagus?

A

esophageal branch of inferior thyroid artery

83
Q

What is the arterial supply of the thoracic part of the oesophagus? (2)

A
  • oesophageal branch of left and right bronchial arteries

- oesophageal branch of thoracic aorta

84
Q

What is the arterial supply of the abdominal part of the oesophagus? (2)

A
  • left gastric artery
  • left inferior phrenic artery
    (oesophagus is on left side!)
85
Q

What are the 2 venous drainages of the oesophagus?

A
  • to portal system through left gastric vein

- to systemic system through esophageal veins

86
Q

What is the innervation of the oesophagus? (2)

A
  • oesophageal nerve plexus (formed by vagus nerves)

- thoracic sympathetic trunks (greater splanchnic nerves)

87
Q

What is Auerbach’s plexus, what does it form?

A

Myenteric plexus between longitudinal and circular layers of the wall, that regulate contractioni

88
Q

What is Meissner’s nerve plexus, what does it form?

A

Submucous plexus, found in the submucosa. It regulates secretion and contraction of muscularis mucosae

W/Anatomy final (8 decks)

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